Table 1.

Enteral feeding interventions reducing NEC incidence in experimental animal models of NEC.

Fat-based interventions	AA and DHA [44] Egg phospholipids [44] PUFA [45] BCFA [46] Pomegranate seed oil [47] MFGM [48] DHA or EPA maternal intervention during pregnancy [43]
Carbohydrate/sugar-based interventions	HMO [49] GD3 [50]
Protein/amino acid-based interventions	Lactadherin [51] rPAF-AH [52]
Hormone/growth factor/vitamin-based interventions	EGF [37,41,53,54,55,56] HB-EGF [37,41,57,58,59,60,61,62] HGF [63] TGF-β1 [64] IGF1 [65] EPO [66]
Probiotic interventions	Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17938 [67,68,69,70] Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 4659 [68] Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm on unloaded microspheres [71,72] Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm on MRS loaded microspheres [71] Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm on sucrose loaded microspheres [72] Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm on maltose loaded microspheres [72] Bifidobacterium bifidum OLB6378 [73,74] Bifidobacterium infantis [75] Bifidobacterium adolescentis [76] probiotic mixture (Bifidobacterium animalis DSM15954, Lactobacillus acidophilus DSM13241, Lactobacillus casei ATCC55544, Lactobacillus pentosus DSM14025 and Lactobacillus plantarum DSM13367) [77]
Other interventions	Amniotic fluid [63] Human breast milk extracellular vesicles [78] Berberine [79] Surfactant protein a [80] Human β-defensin-3 [81]

AA, arachidonic acid; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; BCFA, branched chain fatty acids; MFGM, milk fat globule membrane; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; HMO, human milk oligosaccharides; GD3, ganglioside D3; rPAF-AH, recombinant platetet-activating factor acetylhydrolase; EGF, epidermal growth factor; HB-EGF, hemoglobin-binding EGF-like growth factor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor β1, IGF1, insulin-like growth factor 1.