Table 5.

Overview of studies that did not report statistically significant preventative effects of enteral feeding interventions on NEC incidence, histological injury scores, clinical disease scores or signs and symptoms or survival in experimental animal models of NEC.

NEC Incidence
Carbohydrate/sugar-based interventions	2′-FL [133] Gangliosides [100] SL [100] Lactose [92] Mixture of 4 HMO [134] Mixture of 25 HMO [134] IFOS [49]
Protein/amino acid-based interventions	OPN [100,129] CGMP [129] Bovine lactoferrin [35,36]
Probiotic interventions	Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016 [71,72]
Other interventions	amniotic fluid [123]
NEC histological injury scores
Fat-based interventions
Carbohydrate/sugar-based interventions	2′-FL [133] GOS [42,89] Lactose [38] 0 HMO (no sialic acids) [42] −1 HMO (one sialic acid) [42] −3 HMO (three sialic acids) [42] −4 HMO (four sialic acids) [42] Mixture of 4 HMO [134] Mixture of 25 HMO [134] 3‴-sLNnT [89] GD3 [89] DSLac [89] Neu5GC-DS’LNT [90] DS’LNnT [90] DSTa [90] DSGalB [90] Gangliosides [100] SL [100]
Protein/amino acid-based interventions	Bovine lactoferrin [35,36] (even higher score for [36]) OPN [129] CGMP [129]
Probiotic interventions	Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016 [71]
NEC clinical disease score or signs and symptoms
Fat-based interventions	BCFA [46]
carbohydrate/sugar based interventions	Lactose [92] HMO [38,42] Mixture of four HMO [134] Mixture of 25 HMO [134] 2′-FL [133] GOS/FOS [135,136] GOS [42]
Protein/amino acid-based interventions	Glutamine [96] OPN [129] CGMP [129]
Probiotic interventions	Saccharomyces Boulardii [135,136]
Other interventions	Resveratrol [127]
NEC survival
Fat-based interventions	Pomegranate seed oil [47] DHA [131] DHA or EPA maternal intervention during pregnancy [43]
Carbohydrate/sugar-based interventions	GOS/FOS [135] GOS [42] IFOS [49]
Hormone/growth factor/vitamin-based interventions	EGF [104,137]
Probiotic interventions	Saccharomyces boulardii [135] Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 20016 [72] Lactobacillus reuteri biofilm on unloaded microspheres [72]

DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; BCFA, branched chain fatty acids; HMO, human milk oligosaccharides; 2′-FL, 2′-fucosyllactose; SL, sialic acids; GOS, galacto-oligosaccharides; FOS, fructo-oligosaccharides; IFOS, infant formula oligosaccharides; GD3, ganglioside D3; EGF, epidermal growth factor; DSLac, disialyllactose; DSTa, disialyl T-antigen tetraose; 3‴-sLNnt, 3‴-sialyllacto-N-neotetraose; DSGalB, disialyl galactobiose; DS’LNnT, a2–6-linked disialyllacto-N-neotetraose; DS’LNT, a2–6-linked disialyllacto-N-tetraose; CGMP: caseinoglycomacropeptide; OPN: osteopontin.