Table 7.

Effect of enteral feeding interventions that reduce systemic inflammation in experimental animal models of NEC.

Enteral Feeding Intervention	Effect on Systemic Inflammation (Compared to NEC Protocol Exposure without Feeding Intervention)
Carbohydrate/sugar-based interventions
HMO	Serum IL8 (protein) ↓ [49,88]
Hyaluronan 35 kD	Plasma TNFα (protein) ↓ [94] Serum CXCL1 (protein) ↓ [94] Serum IL12p70 (protein) ↓ [94] Serum IL6 (protein) ↓ [94] Serum IFNϒ (protein) ↓ [94]
Protein/amino acid-based interventions
IAP	Serum TNFα (protein) ↓ (dose dependent) [162] Serum IL1β (protein) ↓ (dose dependent) [162] Serum IL6 (protein) ↓ (dose dependent) [162]
Hormone/growth factor/Vitamin-based interventions
TGF-β	Serum IL6 (protein) ↓ [64] Serum IFNϒ (protein) ↓ [64]
Probiotic interventions
Bacteroides fragilis ZY-312	Serum TNFα (protein) ↓ [113] Serum IFNϒ (protein) ↓ [113] Serum IL10 (protein) ↑ [113]
Other interventions
Berberine	Serum IL6 (protein) ↓ [79] serum IL10 (protein) ↓ [79]
Human β-defensin-3	Serum TNFα (protein) ↓ [81]
Astragaloside IV	Serum TNFα (protein) ↓ [126] Serum IL6 (protein) ↓ [126] serum IL1β (protein) ↓ [126]

↑ depicts an increase, ↓ depicts a decrease; HMO, human milk oligosaccharides; IAP, intestinal alkaline phosphatase; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β.