Table 1.

Summary of the most relevant nanosystems developed in the ischemia field.

Diagnosis
Imaging Tool	Type of Nanoparticle	Target Triggering	Reference
MRI	MPIOs	VCAM-1	[18]
		ICAM-1	[19]
		P-selectin	[20]
		VCAM-1 and P-selectin	[21]
	Multimeric magnetite particles	Peptide to intracellular macrophage proteases	[23]
CT	Gold NPs	Fibrin	[22]
Thrombolytic Treatment
Type of Nanoparticle		Target Triggering	Reference
Liposomes	Liposomes	Plasminogen	[33,34]
	Magnetoliposomes	Thermosensitive and magnetic guidance	[60]
Polymeric NPs	PLGA NPs coated with chitosan	Fibrin	[39,40]
	Polysaccharide-poly(isobutylcyanoacrylate) nanoparticles	P-selectin	[42]
	Layer-by-layer capsules	Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa Thrombin responsive	[43]
	Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) nanogels	Fibrin	[44]
	Near-infrared fluorescent dye-conjugated boronated maltodextrin	Fibrin H2O2 responsive	[51]
	NIR fluorescent dye-conjugated boronate antioxidant polymers (fBAP) and fibrin-targeting lipopeptides	Fibrin H2O2 responsive	[52]
	Prodrug nanocarriers based on PEG and diosgenin derivatives	pH responsive	[53]
	Aggregates of multiple smaller NPs of PLGA	Shear stress responsive	[57]
	Layer-by-layer sub-micrometic nanocapsules with gelatin	Von Willebrand factor Ultrasounds	[65]
	Near-infrared fluorescent dye-conjugated boronated maltodextrin	Fibrin H2O2 responsive	[51]
Metal NPs	Magnetic rods	Magnetic guidance	[35]
	Fe3O4-based PLGA	Fibrin	[41]
	PLGA magnetic NPs	Fibrin Magnetic guidance	[46]
	Metal–organic framework-derived carbon nanostructures	GP IIb/IIIa Hyperthermia and ROS sensitive under NIR laser	[59]
	Chitosan nanocomposites with Fe3O4	Magnetic guidance	[61]
	Magnetic nanocubes within a deoxychitosan core	Magnetic guidance	[62]
	Magnetic Fe3O4 microrods	Magnetic guidance	[63]
Microbubbles		Fibrin Ultrasounds	[36]
		Fibrin Ultrasounds	[37]
Echogenic liposomes		Ultrasounds	[38]
		Ultrasounds	[64]
Biomimetic NPs	Red blood cells doped with NIR imaging agent		[49]
	Nanoplatelet with rtPA and a neuroprotectant (ZL006e)	Thrombin	[50]
	Platelet microparticle inspired	GP IIb/IIIa and P-selectin	[54]
Neuroprotection
Approach	Type of Nanoparticle	Target Triggering	Reference
Inflammation	Exosomes loading curcumin	Integrin αvβ3	[71]
	Neutrophil-like cell membrane-coated mesoporous nanozyme	Inflamed endothelium	[72]
	Spheres and elliptical disks	ICAM-1	[79]
	Gold NPs with coumarin-PEG-thiol		[80]
	Sphere and rod NPs	VCAM-1	[81]
Oxidative stress	NPs of resveratrol		[85]
	Cerium oxide NPs		[86]
Glutamate excitotoxicity	Gold NPs with memantine		[88]
Combination with rtPA	Liposomes loading rtPA and fasudil		[90]
	Self-assembled antioxidant NPs with rtPA		[91]
Neurorecovery
Approach	Type of Nanoparticle	Target Triggering	Reference
MRI cell tracking	Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs)	Cell tracking of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)	[97]
Magnetic vectorization	Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs)	Cell tracking of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) Magnetic guidance	[111]

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1); magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); near-infrared (NIR); nanoparticles (NPs); polyethylene glycol (PEG); poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA); reactive oxygen species (ROS); recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA); vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1).