Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| All | Male | Female | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | short-term | mid-term | long-term | P-Value | short-term | mid-term | long-term | P-Value | short-term | mid-term | long-term | P-Value | |
| N | 2570 | 1553 | 636 | 381 | 277 | 96 | 63 | 1275 | 540 | 318 | |||
| Duration from baseline physical test (year) | |||||||||||||
| mean (sd) | 2.35 (2.51) | 0.75 (1.21) | 3.81 (1.60) | 6.44 (1.19) | <.001 | 0.69 (1.06) | 3.51 (1.49) | 6.35 (1.38) | <.001 | 0.76 (1.24) | 3.87 (1.62) | 6.46 (1.16) | <.001 |
| Age (year) | |||||||||||||
| mean (sd) | 74.3 (8.0) | 74.5 (8.5) | 74.2 (7.2) | 73.6 (6.7) | 0.130 | 74.3 (8.3) | 74.5 (6.7) | 71.8 (7.2) | 0.064 | 74.5 (8.6) | 74.1 (7.3) | 74.0 (6.6) | 0.418 |
| Age75a (year) | |||||||||||||
| mean (sd) | -0.1 (1.6) | -0.1 (1.7) | -0.2 (1.4) | -0.3 (1.3) | 0.130 | -0.1 (1.7) | -0.1 (1.3) | -0.6 (1.4) | 0.064 | -0.1 (1.7) | -0.2 (1.5) | -0.2 (1.3) | 0.418 |
| Body weight (kg) | |||||||||||||
| mean (sd) | 52.5 (9.4) | 53.2 (10.1) | 52.6 (9.0) | 53.7 (8.7) | 0.142 | 61.8 (10.1) | 60.9 (9.2) | 63.5 (7.3) | 0.259 | 51.3 (9.0) | 51.2 (8.1) | 51.8 (7.6) | 0.513 |
| Knee extension strength (kgf) | |||||||||||||
| mean (sd) | 32.0 (11.6) | 28.0 (11.2) | 25.7 (9.7) | 23.2 (9.1) | <.001 | 33.3 (13.0) | 33.5 (12.0) | 32.9 (11.8) | 0.950 | 26.9 (10.4) | 24.3 (8.6) | 21.3 (7.1) | <.001 |
| Lower extremity muscle strengthb (%) | |||||||||||||
| mean (sd) | 50.7 (19.4) | 53.2 (20.6) | 49.2 (17.7) | 42.9 (14.5) | <.001 | 53.9 (20.2) | 55.3 (18.8) | 52.0 (18.4) | 0.586 | 53.0 (20.7) | 48.2 (17.3) | 41.1 (12.9) | <.001 |
| TUG timec (sec) | |||||||||||||
| mean (sd) | 7.6 (3.4) | 7.8 (3.9) | 7.3 (2.3) | 7.3 (2.1) | <.001 | 8.2 (4.7) | 7.0 (2.4) | 6.7 (1.6) | 0.006 | 7.7 (3.7) | 7.3 (2.2) | 7.4 (2.1) | 0.018 |
| Motor fitness scale (point) | |||||||||||||
| mean (sd) | 10.6 (3.5) | 10.3 (3.7) | 10.9 (3.1) | 11.2 (3.1) | <.001 | 10.6 (3.3) | 11.0 (3.2) | 12.1 (2.4) | 0.003 | 10.3 (3.8) | 10.9 (3.1) | 11.0 (3.2) | <.001 |
aAge 75 was value after centering for 75 years old
bLower extremity muscle strength adjusted to body weight (%)
cTUG time was obtained timed up and go test