Table 1.

Demographic, earthquake exposure and clinical characteristics of not-treated differentially exposed subjects from Spitak and Gumri at 1½ and 25 years after the 1988 Spitak earthquake

Characteristics	Spitak-not-treated (N = 67)		Gumri-not-treated (N = 42)
	M or n	s.d. or %	M or n	s.d. or %	t(df) or χ2; p
Demographic variables
Age (M, s.d.)	37.76	0.88	38.24	1.97	1.49 (51.47); 0.14
Sex (n, %)
Male	27	40.3	14	33.3	0.53; 0.46
Female	40	59.7	28	66.7
Current employment (n, %)
Yes	40	59.7	23	54.8	0.26; 0.61
No	27	40.3	19	45.2
Education (n, %)
⩽High school	27	40.3	11	26.2	2.26; 0.13
>High school	40	59.7	31	73.8
Marital status (n, %)
Married	57	85.1	32	76.2	1.36; 0.24
Separated, divorced, single, widowed	10	14.9	10	23.8
Pre-EQ trauma and EQ related variables
Pre-EQ trauma (n, %)
Yes	18	26.9	8	28.6	0.87; 0.35
No	49	73.1	34	71.4
EQ intensity on MSK-64 Scale (Roman numerals)	X		IX
	‘Devastating’		‘Destructive’
Home destruction (EQ related) (n, %)	56	83.6	21	50	14.04; <0.001
None to moderate home damage	11	16.4	21	50
Nuclear family death (EQ related) (n, %)
Yes	25	37.3	12	28.6	0.88; 0.34
No	42	62.7	30	71.4
Serious injury (EQ related) (n, %)
Yes	15	23.1	1	2.4	8.59; <0.01
No	50	76.9	41	97.6
Scared during the EQ (n, %)
None/moderate	11	16.4	10	23.8	0.91; 0.34
A lot/very much	56	83.6	32	76.2
Intervening variables
Post-EQ traumas (n, %)
Yes	26	38.8	23	54.8	2.66; 0.10
No	41	61.2	19	45.2
Adversities (post-EQ) (n, %)
No difference/better	18	26.9	4	9.5	4.82; <0.03
Worse	49	73.1	38	90.5
Change SES (post-EQ) (n, %)
No difference/better	32	47.8	23	54.8	0.50; 0.48
Worse	35	52.2	19	45.2
Chronic illnesses since the EQ (M, s.d.)	1.85	1.54	1.76	1.57	−0.29 (107); 0.77
Social support score, current (M, s.d.)	28.0.	7.7	25.8	9.1	−1.35 (107); 0.18
1½ and 25 year clinical measures
1½ year PTSD-RI-based Dx (n, %)	37	55.2a	15	35.7b	3.93; <0.05
25 year PTSD-RI-based Dx (n, %)	19	28.3a	6	14.3b	2.89; <0.09
1½ year SAD symptom count (M, s.d.)	6.1	2.1	5.8	2.4	−0.78 (101); 0.44
1½ year DSRS score (M, s.d.)	19.0	4.0	15.2	5.0	−4.19(102); <0.001
25 year CES-D score (M, s.d.)	13.6	10.7	20.7	12.9	2.12, (107); <0.01
25 year PCL scores (M, s.d.)	31.5	14.1	33.2	15.2	0.59, (107), 0.55
25 year PCL-PTSD Dx (n, %)	15	22.4	7	16.6	0.52; 0.47

EQ, earthquake; Dx, diagnosis; MSK-64, Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik-64 scale; PTSD-RI, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Reaction Index; PCL, PTSD Checklist; DSRS, Depression Self Rating Scale; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SAD, separation anxiety disorder.

^aSpitak-not-treated group by time (1½ and 25 years) comparison of PTSD rates: 55.2%^a to 28.3%^a (χ² = 9.93, p < 0.002).

^bGumri-not-treated group by time (1½ and 25 years) comparison of PTSD rates: 35.7%^b to 14.3%^b (χ² = 5.14, p < 0.02).