Table 2.
Unadjusted and adjusted risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between social determinants of health and parents’ average weekly adherence versus incomplete adherence to public health measures during the COVID-19 pandemic from April to July 2020 (n = 335 unique parents and 2108 repeated observations) estimated using marginal log-binomial regression models
| Parent | ||
|---|---|---|
| Explanatory variable | Unadjusted RR (95% CI) | Adjusted RR1 (95% CI) |
| Parent age2 | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.05) |
| Parent sex | ||
| Female | 0.66 (0.45, 0.96) | 0.70 (0.47, 1.05) |
| Male | REF | REF |
| Family income | ||
| Less than $60,000 | 0.96 (0.64, 1.44) | 1.01 (0.68, 1.51) |
| $60,000 to $149,999 | 0.83 (0.63, 1.08) | 0.80 (0.61, 1.04) |
| $150,000 or more | REF | REF |
| Median neighbourhood household income | ||
| Less than $60,000 | 0.84 (0.57, 1.25) | 0.81 (0.55, 1.20) |
| $60,000 to $99,999 | 0.92 (0.66, 1.28) | 0.92 (0.67, 1.28) |
| $100,000 or more | REF | REF |
| Unemployed due to COVID-19 | ||
| Yes | 0.65 (0.44, 0.95) | 0.67 (0.47, 0.97) |
| No | REF | REF |
| Dwelling type | ||
| Apartment | 0.72 (0.53, 0.98) | 0.72 (0.53, 0.99) |
| House | REF | REF |
| Maternal ethnicity | ||
| African, Southeast Asian, South Asian | 0.92 (0.62, 1.37) | 0.94 (0.64, 1.37) |
| Arab, Latin American, East Asian | 0.93 (0.63, 1.38) | 0.89 (0.60, 1.34) |
| Mixed | 0.93 (0.64, 1.35) | 0.93 (0.62, 1.38) |
| European | REF | REF |
| Paternal ethnicity | ||
| African, Southeast Asian, South Asian | 0.99 (0.68, 1.46) | 1.02 (0.70, 1.48) |
| Arab, Latin American, East Asian | 0.95 (0.62, 1.44) | 0.95 (0.62, 1.43) |
| Mixed | 0.70 (0.45, 1.08) | 0.68 (0.42, 1.09) |
| European | REF | REF |
| Essential worker | ||
| Yes | 0.74 (0.55, 0.99) | 0.74 (0.55, 1.00) |
| No | REF | REF |
| Number of people in the household | ||
| 4 or less | 0.84 (0.61, 1.16) | 0.88 (0.63, 1.24) |
| 5 or more | REF | REF |
| Household member age 60 or older | ||
| Yes | 1.26 (0.80, 1.97) | 1.31 (0.87, 1.98) |
| No | REF | REF |
| Child living arrangement3 | ||
| One-parent or alternating household | 0.46 (0.20, 1.05) | 0.42 (0.17, 1.01) |
| Both parents in the same household | REF | REF |
| Child currently attends childcare | ||
| Yes | 1.00 (0.69, 1.45) | 0.98 (0.67, 1.44) |
| No | REF | REF |
| Parent is currently pregnant | ||
| Yes | 0.96 (0.54, 1.69) | 1.01 (0.57, 1.79) |
| No | REF | REF |
| Family history of chronic disease | ||
| Yes | 1.00 (0.76, 1.31) | 1.02 (0.77, 1.33) |
| No | REF | REF |
1Risk ratios were adjusted for child age, child sex, parent age, parent sex, and weekly visit except for parent age which was adjusted for child age, child sex, and parent sex, and parent sex which was adjusted for child age, child sex, and parent age
2Estimates provided for every 1-year increase in age
3For child living arrangement, “one-parent household” and “alternating household” categories were combined due to small cell size
CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio; REF, reference