Table 5.

Descriptive Table of Key Characteristics of the Interventions.

Citation	Intervention Development	Community Needs and Preferences	Community Engagement	Workforce Preparation	Communication Methods
Muller et al., 2017 [7]	Developed in coordination with SCF, a tribally owned and operated health care organization.	Previous survey findings showed the majority of customer-owners over 50 used text messaging.	Text message content was developed with input from SCF customer-owners and tribal leadership.	The intervention was integrated into an existing SCF program.	The intervention group received up to 3 text messages sent 1 month apart.
Sandiford et al., 2019 [8]	Follow-up to an existing Bowel Screening Pilot using mailed invitation and reminder letters.	Patient and cultural barriers	During telephone calls, community coordinators sought to remove any barriers to screening, such as how to perform the test.	The callers’ script was reviewed by health literacy experts.	All non-respondents were sent reminder letters. The intervention group also received 3+ phone calls over 4 weeks. Community coordinators spoke with participants in their native languages.
MacDonald et al., 2021 [9]	Follow-up to a survey showing high acceptability for HPV self-testing among Māori women.	Patient and cultural barriers	The study was under-taken in partnership with primary care and the Northland District Health.	Clinic staff were given an educational update on HPV, informed consent, and the HPV self-test.	Text, email, letter, and phone calls from clinics and outreach by kaiāwhina.
Haverkamp et al., 2020 [10]	Developed in partnership with 3 tribally operated health facilities that participated in study.	Patient and structural barriers †	American Indian CHRs contacted intervention nonrespondents to discuss the importance of CRC screening and how to use the FIT kit.	Clinic admin and staff were informed about the study and CHRs were educated about screening recommendations and intervention protocol.	FIT kits were mailed to intervention groups and CHRs provided outreach (i.e., phone calls and home visits).
Chow et al., 2020 [11]	Developed in partnership with the Wequedong Lodge, TBRHSC, the Nishnawbe Aski Nation Chiefs Assembly, and CCO’s. Indigenous Cancer Care Unit.	Geographic, transportation, and cultural barriers	Cancer screening education and opportunistic screening was provided for those staying at the lodge (mostly from rural FN populations).	Community chiefs and physicians were notified about the program and given information about program logistics and patient follow-up.	A FN liaison spoke with clients in their native language. A FN-specific education toolkit was used during appointments.
Mema et al., 2017 [5]	Provision of ‘one stop shop’ cancer screening services in many communities, including FN.	Geographical barriers—communities were chosen based on their need for cancer screening services using a readiness assessment tool.	Leverage existing relationships with mobile mamography service.	Local clinical staff provided Pap and FIT tests.	Recall letters were sent to all clients who had participated in Screen Test in the past and were due for breast cancer screening.
Dorrington et al., 2015 [12]	Interventions were designed based on PDSA cycles and tested for cultural acceptability with the ACCHS Women’s Group.	Patient barriers	Client surveys and focus groups with stakeholders	The Social Health Team was educated on women’s preventative health and cervical cancer screening to faciliate discussions with ACCHS clients. HCPs were educated on how to use a data collection tool for Pap smears.	Promotional material was used to raise awareness of cervical screening. A reminder letter was updated to include culturally appropriate cervical cancer screening information.
Cassel et al., 2020 [15]	A peer-led intervention facilitated by kāne and Native Hawaiian physicians.	CRC health dispartities among Native Hawaiian men	Discussions about CRC were held at community-based venues and participants were given a FIT kit.	Education materials and curricula were developed by Native Hawaiian physicans and modified based on community feedback.	21 community sessions on CRC screening.
Tolma et al., (2018) [16]	Formative evaluation to determine the feasibility and early impact of a CBPR intervention.	Geographical disparties	Clinic and community-based components on multiple system levels.	Evaluation planning based on years of formative research in the community.	Communication with HCP, discussion groups, and a congratulatory gift.
Adcock et al., 2019 [11]	This study explored the potential acceptability of an intervention.	Desire for bodily autonomy (privacy, control over ones body)	Focus groups, interviews, and surveys with never/underscreened Māori women.	Not addressed	CBRs recruited Māori women for interviews and focus groups. Participants surveyed up to 10 Māori female peers.
Zehbe et al., 2016 [17]	Designed with 11 FN partner communities using a PAR framework.	Geographic and cultural barriers	Interviews and focus groups with HCPs and women living on reserves about CC screening barriers.	CBRAs invited women to participate after an educational event and other recruitment strategies.	CBRAs facilitated screening implementation and data collection. Participants were asked how they wanted to be contact if they had a positive HPV test result.
Winer et al., 2016 [18]	Designed with input from Hopi tribal partners, local project staff, and community advisors.	Patient barriers	In-person community recruitment events	Not addressed	Recruitment flyers and informational brochures were given at community events, door-to-door health education campaigns, and tribal radio announcements. HPV test results were communicated by letter or telephone, based on preference.

SCF = Southcentral Foundation, Customer-owners = SCF patients, CHR = community health representative, TBRHSC = Thunder Bay Regional Health Sciences Centre, CCO = Cancer Care Ontario, ACCHS = Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Service, HCP = Health Care Provider, kāne = Native Hawaiian men, kaiāwhina = non-clinical community Māori health workers, PAR = participatory action research, CBPR = community-based participatory research, CBRAs = community-based research assistants † Patient and structural barriers may include geographic isolation, lack of transportation, not having a regular HCP, failure of HCP to recommend screening, lack of a clinical tracking/reminder system, embarrassment, privacy concerns, distrust of the health care system, and insufficient knowledge about screening.