Table 1.
Characteristics of Good Adherence to Statin Group and Low Adherence to Statin Group among Patients with Concurrent Diabetes and Hyperlipidemia.
| Before propensity score matching |
Absolute standardized differences | After propensity score matching |
Absolute standardized differences | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good adherence to statin (N = 6064) | Poor adherence to statin (N = 12 061) | Good adherence to statin (N = 6058) | Poor adherence to statin (N = 6058) | |||||||
| No. | (%) | No. | (%) | No. | (%) | No. | (%) | |||
| Age, mean (SD) | 62.34 | 8.8 | 62.32 | 8.9 | 0.15 | 62.34 | 8.9 | 62.34 | 8.8 | 0.03 |
| Male | 2778 | 45.8 | 5737 | 47.6 | 0.26 | 2777 | 45.8 | 2767 | 45.7 | 0.02 |
| Region | ||||||||||
| Northern | 1984 | 32.7 | 3663 | 30.4 | 0.52 | 32.7 | 2007 | 33.1 | 0.05 | |
| Northwestern | 718 | 11.8 | 1455 | 12.1 | 718 | 11.9 | 684 | 11.3 | ||
| Central | 1093 | 18 | 2214 | 18.4 | 1093 | 18 | 1060 | 17.5 | ||
| Southwestern | 836 | 13.8 | 1816 | 15.1 | 836 | 13.8 | 864 | 14.3 | ||
| Southern | 1082 | 17.8 | 2154 | 17.9 | 1081 | 17.9 | 1103 | 18.2 | ||
| Eastern and others | 351 | 5.8 | 759 | 6.3 | 351 | 5.8 | 340 | 5.6 | ||
| Diabetes cohort | ||||||||||
| 2003 | 2066 | 34.1 | 4234 | 35.1 | 0.82 | 2065 | 17 | 2059 | 17 | 0.06 |
| 2004 | 1721 | 28.4 | 3509 | 29.1 | 1716 | 14.2 | 1732 | 14.3 | ||
| 2005 | 1393 | 23 | 2639 | 21.9 | 1393 | 11.5 | 1382 | 11.4 | ||
| 2006 | 884 | 14.6 | 1679 | 13.9 | 884 | 7.3 | 885 | 7.3 | ||
| Number of OHAs | ||||||||||
| 0 class of OHAs | 160 | 2.6 | 425 | 3.5 | 0.53 | 160 | 2.6 | 151 | 2.5 | 0.15 |
| 1 class of OHAs | 1210 | 20 | 2627 | 21.8 | 1209 | 20 | 1260 | 20.8 | ||
| 2 classes of OHAs | 2400 | 39.6 | 4943 | 41 | 2399 | 39.6 | 2371 | 39.1 | ||
| 3 classes of OHAs | 1418 | 23.4 | 2591 | 21.5 | 1416 | 23.4 | 1411 | 23.3 | ||
| 4 classes of OHAs | 621 | 10.2 | 1035 | 8.6 | 621 | 10.3 | 617 | 10.2 | ||
| 5 classes of OHAs | 200 | 3.3 | 364 | 3 | 200 | 3.3 | 204 | 3.4 | ||
| 6 classes of OHAs | 55 | 0.9 | 76 | 0.6 | 53 | 0.9 | 44 | 0.7 | ||
| Insulin | 1289 | 21.3 | 2249 | 18.7 | 0.32 | 1287 | 21.2 | 1258 | 20.8 | 0 |
| MDDD of statins | ||||||||||
| MDDD > 0.61 | 2193 | 36.2 | 4398 | 36.5 | 0.03 | 2191 | 36.2 | 2237 | 36.9 | 0.04 |
| MDDD ≤ 0.61 | 3871 | 63.8 | 7663 | 63.5 | 3867 | 63.8 | 3821 | 63.1 | ||
| Intensity of statins | ||||||||||
| High | 218 | 3.6 | 405 | 3.4 | 0.17 | 217 | 3.6 | 223 | 3.7 | 0.03 |
| Moderate and low | 5846 | 96.4 | 11 656 | 96.6 | 5841 | 96.4 | 5835 | 96.3 | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 111 | 1.8 | 208 | 1.7 | 0 | 111 | 1.83 | 107 | 1.77 | 0.02 |
| Heart failure | 418 | 6.9 | 813 | 6.7 | 0.28 | 418 | 6.9 | 419 | 6.92 | 0.01 |
| Coronary artery disease | 1653 | 27.3 | 3113 | 25.8 | 0.21 | 1650 | 27.24 | 1663 | 27.45 | 0.06 |
| Atherosclerosis | 159 | 2.6 | 348 | 2.9 | 0.40 | 159 | 2.62 | 157 | 2.59 | 0.01 |
| Transient cerebral ischemia | 204 | 3.4 | 458 | 3.8 | 0.40 | 204 | 3.37 | 208 | 3.43 | 0.02 |
| Stroke | 485 | 8 | 869 | 7.2 | 0.62 | 485 | 8.01 | 478 | 7.89 | 0.01 |
| Diabetic PVD | 245 | 4 | 538 | 4.5 | 0.28 | 245 | 4.04 | 236 | 3.9 | 0.01 |
| Other peripheral vascular disease | 197 | 3.3 | 458 | 3.8 | 0.12 | 197 | 3.25 | 193 | 3.19 | 0.02 |
| Arteries of the extremities | 37 | 0.6 | 65 | 0.5 | 0.00 | 37 | 0.61 | 30 | 0.5 | 0.04 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 332 | 5.5 | 696 | 5.8 | 0.41 | 331 | 5.46 | 328 | 5.41 | 0.03 |
| Sleep apnea | 51 | 0.8 | 79 | 0.7 | 0.00 | 51 | 0.84 | 50 | 0.83 | 0.02 |
| Depression | 317 | 5.2 | 629 | 5.2 | 0.40 | 317 | 5.23 | 312 | 5.15 | 0.04 |
| Schizophrenia | 30 | 0.5 | 79 | 0.7 | 0.00 | 30 | 0.5 | 33 | 0.54 | 0.02 |
| Bipolar | 42 | 0.7 | 98 | 0.8 | 0.00 | 42 | 0.69 | 47 | 0.78 | 0.00 |
| Anxiety | 1347 | 22.2 | 2757 | 22.9 | 0.33 | 1347 | 22.24 | 1324 | 21.86 | 0.03 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 286 | 4.7 | 565 | 4.7 | 0.60 | 286 | 4.72 | 264 | 4.36 | 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 4360 | 71.9 | 8364 | 69.4 | 0.29 | 4356 | 71.9 | 4317 | 71.26 | 0.07 |
| Liver disease | 1724 | 28.4 | 3892 | 32.3 | 0.07 | 1722 | 28.43 | 1686 | 27.83 | 0.01 |
| Autoimmune diseases | 2 | 0.03 | 2 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 2 | 0.03 | 2 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| Malignancy | 392 | 6.5 | 689 | 5.7 | 0.28 | 392 | 6.47 | 380 | 6.27 | 0.02 |
| Thyroid diseases | 355 | 5.9 | 659 | 5.4 | 0.40 | 355 | 5.86 | 334 | 5.51 | 0.04 |
| Beta-Blockers | 3087 | 50.91 | 5843 | 48.45 | 0.03 | 3085 | 50.92 | 3129 | 51.65 | 0.03 |
| ACEI | 2667 | 43.98 | 5022 | 41.64 | 0.19 | 2664 | 43.97 | 2699 | 44.55 | 0.03 |
| CCB | 3503 | 57.77 | 6641 | 55.06 | 0.42 | 3501 | 57.79 | 3525 | 58.19 | 0.02 |
| Diuretics | 2695 | 44.4 | 4856 | 40.3 | 0.27 | 2694 | 44.5 | 2655 | 43.8 | 0.01 |
| ARB | 2145 | 35.4 | 3508 | 29.1 | 0.36 | 2141 | 35.3 | 1986 | 32.8 | 0.08 |
| Fibrate | 872 | 14.4 | 2357 | 19.5 | 0.59 | 871 | 14.4 | 901 | 14.9 | 0.01 |
| Bile acid sequestrants | 13 | 0.2 | 16 | 0.1 | 0.00 | 13 | 0.2 | 6 | 0.1 | 0.02 |
| lipid modifying agents | 107 | 1.8 | 191 | 1.6 | 0.00 | 107 | 1.8 | 80 | 1.3 | 0.05 |
| Nicotinic acid | 10 | 0.16 | 31 | 0.3 | 0.00 | 10 | 0.2 | 12 | 0.2 | 0.02 |
| Vitamin K antagonists | 106 | 1.8 | 143 | 1.2 | 0.28 | 106 | 1.8 | 75 | 1.2 | 0.05 |
| Aspirin | 2397 | 39.5 | 4638 | 38.5 | 0.35 | 2394 | 39.5 | 2409 | 39.8 | 0.02 |
| Clopidogrel | 377 | 6.2 | 488 | 4.05 | 0.28 | 375 | 6.2 | 287 | 4.7 | 0.07 |
| Cilostazol | 120 | 2 | 201 | 1.7 | 0.28 | 120 | 2 | 112 | 1.9 | 0.02 |
| Ticlopidine | 122 | 2 | 216 | 1.8 | 0.00 | 121 | 2 | 121 | 2 | 0.04 |
| Dipyridamole | 1214 | 20 | 2457 | 20.4 | 0.11 | 1212 | 20 | 1282 | 21.2 | 0.00 |
| Antidepressants | 1063 | 17.5 | 2062 | 17.1 | 0.35 | 1063 | 17.6 | 1070 | 17.7 | 0.02 |
| Benzodiazepines | 3773 | 62.2 | 7468 | 61.9 | 0.12 | 3772 | 62.3 | 3750 | 61.9 | 0.05 |
| Typical antipsychotics | 128 | 2.1 | 261 | 2.2 | 0.01 | 128 | 2.1 | 111 | 1.8 | 0.01 |
| Atypical antipsychotics | 301 | 5 | 697 | 5.8 | 0.01 | 301 | 5 | 308 | 5.1 | 0.01 |
| Nonselective COX inhibitors | 5611 | 92.53 | 11 125 | 92.2 | 0.50 | 5607 | 92.6 | 5601 | 92.5 | 0.04 |
| Selective COX-2 inhibitors | 828 | 13.65 | 1526 | 12.7 | 0.21 | 828 | 13.7 | 848 | 14 | 0.04 |
| Anticholinergic drugs | 5706 | 94.1 | 11 308 | 93.8 | 0.28 | 5703 | 94.1 | 5696 | 94 | 0.03 |
| Digitoxin | 294 | 4.85 | 532 | 4.4 | 0.28 | 294 | 4.85 | 281 | 4.64 | 0.02 |
| Metildigoxin | 6 | 0.1 | 18 | 0.2 | 0.00 | 6 | 0.1 | 6 | 0.1 | 0.01 |
T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; SD = standard deviation; OHA = oral hypoglycemic agents; MDDD = mean defined daily dose; PVD = peripheral vascular diseases; ACEI = angiotensin-converting-enzyme; CCB = calcium channel blocker; ARB = angiotensin receptor blockers.