Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of included studies.
| Study | Population (male/female) | Mean age (years) | Mean PD duration (years) | Hoehn and Yahr stage | Intervention | Comparator | Funding and conflicts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controlled trials | |||||||
| Sieradzan et al.30 | 7 (3/4) | 59 (49–69) | 8 (3–12) | Mean: 3 (3–4) | Nabilone (0.03 mg/kg) capsule | Placebo | Ø |
| Carroll et al.31 | 19 (12/7) | 67 (51–78) | 14 (4–32) | Mean: 3 (2.5–4) | 3.5 mg Δ9-THC and 1.25 mg cannabidiol per capsule Mean dose 0.146 mg/kg/day |
Placebo capsules contained synthetic oil | Ø |
| Mesnage et al.32 | 24 | Anandamide: 56.8 (8) Placebo: 65 (7) Neurotensin: 56 (8) Neurokinin: 60.8 |
Anandamide: 13.2 (4) Placebo: 12 (3) Neurotensin: 11.6 (2) Neurokinin: 16.5 |
Ø | Anandamide: 20 mg | Placebo Neurotensin: 180 mg Neurokinin B: 200 mg |
Ø |
| Chagas et al.33 | 21 (15/6) | CBD 75 mg: 65.86 ± 10.59 (51–82) CBD 300 mg: 63.43 ± 6.48 (53–71) Placebo: 67.29 ± 7.23 (57–75) |
CBD 75 mg: 8.14 ± 5.64 (2–15) CBD 300 mg: 6.86 ± 3.72 (3–12) Placebo: 9.86 ± 4.71 (5–17) |
Ø | CBD (powdered form 99.9% purity dissolved in corn oil placed in gelatin capsules) 75 mg 300 mg |
Placebo in identical capsules | Ø |
| de Faria et al.34 | 24 (22/2) | 64.13 ± 9.72 | 6.5 ±5.03 | Range 1–2.5 | CBD (powdered form 99.9% purity dissolved in corn oil placed in gelatin capsules) 300 mg | Placebo in identical capsules | State of São Paulo Research Assistance Foundation National Council for Scientific and Technological Development |
| Peball et al.35 | 38 (24/14) | Nabilone: 65.38 ± 7.94 (66.83) Placebo: 63.95 ± 8.04 (65.92) |
Nabilone: 7.83 ± 5.47 (7.25) Placebo: 7.39 ± 5.14 (5.75) |
Nabilone: 1.84 ± 0.50 (2.00) (95% CI 1.60; 2.08) Placebo: 1.95 ± 0.41 (2.00) (95% CI 1.75; 2.14) 12.26 |
Nabilone (median dose = 0.75 mg) dose determined in open-label nabilone titration | Placebo | AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG provided investigational medicinal product and placebo; compensation of in-person study visits Funding from Medical University of Innsbruck |
| Observational studies | |||||||
| Venderova et al.36 | 339 (195/139) | 65.7 (36–92) years | 8.5 (<1–30) | Ø | ~0.5 tsp of fresh/dried leaves orally (n = 1 inhaled), frequency once a day 52.9% | Ø | Supported by Czech Ministry of Education |
| Zuardi et al.37 | 6 (4/2) | 58.8 ± 14.9 | 10.6 ± 3.7 | Ø | Initial dose 150 mg CBD tablet, increased q weekly by 150 mg (~99.9% pure powder dissolved in corn oil) | Ø | Funding: national and state science grants in Brazil Sponsored by THC-Pharm (Frankfurt, Germany) and STI-Pharm |
| Lotan et al.38 | 22 (13/9) | 65 (10.2) | 7.3 (4.8) | Median: 1.5 (1–3) | Smoked cannabis (amt inhaled 0.5 g) | Ø | Ø |
| Finseth et al.29 | 207 (125/82) | 68.9 (10.9) Cannabis (49–75) |
8.15 (6.9) Cannabis (2–11) |
Ø | Cannabis users n = 9 (4%) | Ø | Ø |
| Shohet et al.39 | 20 | 62.4 ± 9 (43–78) | 6.8 ± 3.5 (2–14) | Median: 2.2 ± 0.8 (1–4) | 1 g prescribed cannabis Smoking n = 18 Vaporizer n = 2 |
Ø | Ø |
| Balash et al.40 | 47 (40/7) | 64.2 (10.8) | 10.8 (8.3) | Median: 3 | Mean daily dose 0.9 ± 0.5 g 80.9% (n = 38) smoking |
Ø | Conflicts: L.B.S.a, YB.b |
| Kindred et al.41 | 454 (263/191) | 61.1 (9.5) Users: 60.0 (9.2) Non-users: 61.7 (9.5) |
Ø | Ø | Medicinal use: 72.3% Current use: 36.6% Past use: 66.3% Has medical card: 38.4% |
Ø | Conflicts: W.R.S.c |
| Micheli et al.28 | 503 (272/231) | Overall: R 27 – 93 Users (n = 121): 68.56 ± 9.78 |
Users (n = 121): 7.3 ± 5.3 | Ø | Cannabis oil 96.7% (115/121) | Ø | Ø |
| Yenilmez et al.42 | 1348 (737/609) | Overall: 71.6 ± 8.9 Users (n = 113): 66.4 ± 10.7 |
Overall: 11.6 ± 7.2 Users: 11.6 ± 6.5 |
Ø | THC 9.7% (11/113) CBD 39.8% (45/113) THC + CBD 20.4% (23/113) |
Ø | Conflicts: O.F.d and C.B.e |
a
Employee of Tikun Olam Co (Israeli pharmaceutical company developing cannabis-based medicinal extracts).
b
Previous head of the Israeli Ministry of Health program for Medical Use of Cannabis in 2003 to 2012; CSO of One World Cannabis Israel (company dedicated to the research of cannabis and cannabinoids and their medical properties) at the time of the study.
c
Consultant/speaker for EMD Serono, Acorda, TEVA, Genzyme, and Mallinckrodt.
d
Congress attendance fees: AbbVie, Abbott/St. Jude; Lecture fee: Daiichi-Sankyo.
e
Fees for advisory board participation: UCB Pharma, Zambon; Lecture fees: AbbVie Pharma, BIAL Pharma, Desitin, GE Health-care, Grunenthal Pharma, Licher GmbH, Medtronic, Novartis, TAD Pharma, UCB Pharma, Zambon Pharma. THC, tetrahydrocannabinol; CBD, cannabidiol.