Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the study participants.
| Parameter | Asymptomatic (n = 299) | Mild to Moderate# (n = 119) | Severe (n = 92) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years (Mean ± SD) | 37·25 ± 15·09 | 52·0 ± 14·2 | 57·9 ± 13·6* |
| Age Range in Years - | 1·5–80 | 24–90 | 26–92 |
| Gender (Male) | 189 (63·2%) | 83 (69·8%) | 69 (75·0%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22·04 ± 1·27 | 24·03 ± 4·17 | 27·16 ± 4·66* |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Normal | 285 (95·3%) | 55 (46·2%) | 41 (44·6%) |
| Only diabetes | 3 (1·0%) | 15 (12·6%) | 14 (15·2%)** |
| Only Hypertension | 2 (0·7%) | 20 (16·8%) | 11 (11·9%)** |
| Diabetes/Hypertension | 9 (3·0%) | 29 (24·4%) | 26 (28·3%)** |
| Blood Counts | |||
| Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 13·4 ± 2·0 | 13·9 ± 9·5 | 12·6 ± 2·7* |
| RBC (cells/mcL) | 4·9 ± 0·6 | 4·5 ± 0·7 | 4·4 ± 0·9* |
| WBC cells/μl | 7823·4 ± 2594·6 | 7301·7 ± 3629·0 | 11,277·2 ± 6409·4* |
| Neutrophils (%) | 54·3 ± 11·1 | 68·0 ± 13·3 | 82·6 ± 9·3* |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 37·0 ± 9·9 | 24·8 ± 11·5 | 11·7 ± 8·2* |
| Eosinophils (%) | 3·2 ± 2·8 | 1·8 ± 1·5 | 1·3 ± 0·7* |
| Monocytes (%) | 5·2 ± 2·2 | 5·2 ± 2·1 | 4·1 ± 2·2* |
| Platelets (mcL) | 3·0 ± 1·3 | 2·4 ± 1·0 | 2·4 ± 1·1* |
| Oxygen Delivery | |||
| On room air | None | 92 (77·3%) | 5 (5·4%) |
| On face Mask | None | 2 (1·7%) | 3 (3·3%) |
| Nasal Prongs | None | 24 (20·2%) | 10 (10·9%) |
| On NIV | None | 1 (0·8%) | 22 (23·9%) |
| On HFNC | None | 0 | 2 (2·2%) |
| NRBM Mask | None | 0 | 3 (3·2%) |
| Ventilator | None | 0 | 47 (51·1%)** |
| FiO2 | None | 22·7 ± 5·5 | 74·2 ± 24·8* |
| Serum Ferritin Level (ng/ml) | 127·4 ± 71·2 | 568·6 ± 638·9 | 1178·6 ± 930·4* |
| IL-6 Levels (pg/ml) | 9·5 ± 5·2 | 41·0 ± 97·2 | 230·9 ± 211·2* |
| D Dimer (ng/ml) | < 200 | 441·0 ± 560·8 | 1217·1 ± 1615·1* |
| Chest X-ray | |||
| Normal | 239 (79·9%) | 37 (31·1%) | 0 (0%) |
| Unilateral infiltration | 60 (2·0%) | 31 (26·1%) | 1 (1·1%) |
| Bilateral infiltration | 0 | 51 (42·8%) | 91 (98·9%)** |
| CT Scan | |||
| CT CO-RAD Score | NA | 4·5 ± 0·9 | 4·9 ± 0·5* |
#Among the 119 patients in the mild-to-moderate group, 36 (30·2%) had moderate severity. Baseline age (p = 0·17), gender (p = 0·41) and proportion with diabetes (p = 0·27), hypertension (p = 0·77) and both (p = 0·91) were similar for the patients with mild (n = 83) vs moderate (n = 36) severity; therefore, these groups were combined in the analysis.
*One-way ANOVA (P < 0·05) **Fishers exact (P < 0·05).
SD – standard deviation; g – gram, dL – deci liter; mcl/μl – micro liter; ng – nanogram; pg – pico gram; ml – milli liter; CT – Computerized Tomography; % - percent; NIV – Non-invasive ventilation; HFNC – High flow nasal cannula; NRBM – Non-rebreather masks; FiO2 –Fraction of inspired oxygen; NA- Not applicable; ND – Not done. CORAD - COVID-19 Reporting and Data System