Figure 4.

Hyperuricemia, urate-lowering therapies, and kidney outcomes: summary of findings.

(a) Hyperuricemia and kidney outcomes (the hyperuricemia question): risk estimates of kidney outcomes in patients with hyperuricemia. (b) Urate-lowering therapies (ULTs) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (ml/min per 1.73 m²): mean difference in eGFR between patients on ULT versus control or other ULT. *Graph and comparison laterality are inversely related, that is, left side of comparison favors right side of graph and vice versa. (c) ULT and serum creatinine (mg/dl): mean difference in serum creatinine between patients on ULT versus control or other ULT. (d) ULT and 24-h proteinuria (mg/day): mean difference in proteinuria/albuminuria between patients on ULT versus control or other ULT. *Effect estimates for all ULT versus control and allopurinol 100–300 mg/day versus control for ⩾1 year are same: MD −5.44 mg/day (95% CI, −8.49 to −2.39). (e) ULTs and kidney failure events (number of patients having the doubling of serum creatinine or eGFR decline by ⩾50% or ESRD with eGFR ⩽15 m/min per 1.73 m² or on dialysis): risk ratio of kidney failure events in ULT versus control.

CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HR, hazard ratio; MD, mean difference; OR, odds ratio; sUA, serum urate.