Table 1.
Trends in benzodiazepines and z-drugs use in older adults (standardized prevalencea) in 2004, 2008, and 2013.
| Variable | Standardized prevalence (%) (95% CI) | Comparison years 2004 and 2013 | Comparison years 2008 and 2013 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year 2004 (N = 3594) | Year 2008 (N = 2917) | Year 2013 (N = 2048) | PR (95%CI) (%) 2013/2004 | PD (95%CI) 2013–2004 | PR (95%CI) (%) 2013/2008 | PD (95%CI) 2013–2008 | |
| Total BZRA use | 22.0 (20.2; 23.9) | 19.6 (17.7; 21.6) | 18.0 (15.9; 20.2) | 0.82 (0.67; 0.96) | −4.0 (−6.8; −1.3) | 0.92 (0.77; 1.07) | −1.6 (−4.4; 1.2) |
| Number of BZRA taken | |||||||
| 1 | 19.9 (18.2; 21.7) | 17.3 (15.5; 19.2) | 16.0 (14.1; 18.1) | 0.81 (0.66; 0.96) | −3.8 (−6.5; −1.2) | 0.93 (0.77; 1.09) | −1.2 (−3.9; 1.4) |
| ⩾2 | 2.1 (1.6; 2.8) | 2.3 (1.7; 3.0) | 1.9 (1.3; 2.8) | 0.91 (0.45; 1.36) | −0.2 (−1.1; 0.7) | 0.84 (0.39; 1.30) | −0.4 (−1.3; 0.6) |
| Total BZRA use by age group | |||||||
| 65–74 years | 17.1 (14.9; 19.6) | 16.1 (13.4; 19.1) | 14.7 (12.2; 16.7) | 0.86 (0.63; 1.08) | −2.4 (−5.9; 1.1) | 0.92 (0.66; 1.17) | −1.3 (−5.2; 2.5) |
| 75–84 years | 25.2 (21.7; 29.2) | 21.5 (18.2; 25.1) | 19.9 (16.5; 23.8) | 0.79 (0.56; 1.02) | −5.3 (−10.4; −0.2) | 0.93 (0.69; 1.17) | −1.5 (−6.5; 3.4) |
| 85 or more years | 31.2 (27.2; 35.5) | 27.2 (24.0; 30.8) | 24.6 (18.3; 32.4) | 0.79 (0.49; 1.09) | −6.5 (−14.4; 1.3) | 0.90 (0.60; 1.21) | −2.6 (−10.1; 5.0) |
| Total BZRA use by gender | |||||||
| Female | 26.5 (24.6–28.3) | 25.0 (22.3; 28.0) | 21.6 (18.6; 24.9) | 0.82 (0.64; 0.99) | −4.9 (−8.9; −0.8) | 0.86 (0.68; 1.04) | −3.5 (−7.7; 0.7) |
| Male | 16.0 (13.7; 18.7) | 12.2 (9.9; 14.9) | 13.2 (10.7; 16.0) | 0.82 (0.57; 1.07) | −2.9 (−6.5; 0.7) | 1.08 (0.80; 1.36) | 0.9 (−2.6; 4.5) |
| BZRA use by class | |||||||
| Benzodiazepine use (N05BA or N05CD) | 19.5 (17.8; 21.3) | 17.1 (15.4; 19.0) | 14.9 (13.1; 17.0) | 0.77 (0.61; 0.92) | −4.6 (−7.1; −2.0) | 0.87 (0.71; 1.04) | −2.2 (−4.8; 0.4) |
| Z-drugs use (N05CF) | 3.0 (2.4; 3.8) | 3.2 (2.4; 4.1) | 3.2 (2.4; 4.2) | 1.05 (0.70; 1.41) | 0.2 (−1.0; 1.3) | 1.00 (0.63; 1.37) | 0.0 (−1.2; 1.2) |
| Sedative BZRA use (N05CD or N05CF) | 9.6 (8.4; 10.9) | 8.9 (7.6; 10.3) | 8.5 (7.1; 10.1) | 0.89 (0.68; 1.10) | −1.1 (−3.0; 0.8) | 0.96 (0.74; 1.19) | −0.3 (−2.3; 1.6) |
| Anxiolytic BZRA use (N05BA) | 13.9 (12.5 ; 15.4) | 12.2 (10.7; 13.7) | 10.8 (9.2; 12.5) | 0.78 (0.59; 0.96) | −3.1 (−5.3; −1.0) | 0.89 (0.69; 1.08) | −1.4 (−3.6; 0.8) |
| BZRA use at molecule level | |||||||
| Alprazolam | 2.9 (2.3; 3.7) | 3.1 (2.4; 4.0) | 3.3 (2.5; 4.3) | 1.13 (0.79; 1.47) | 0.4 (−0.7; 1.5) | 1.06 (0.71; 1.42) | 0.2 (−0.9; 1.3) |
| Bromazepam | 2.6 (2.0; 3.3) | 2.8 (2.1; 3.6) | 1.7 (1.1; 2.4) | 0.64 (0.20; 1.09) | −0.9 (−1.8; 0.0) | 0.60 (0.15; 1.06) | −1.1 (−2.1; −0.1) |
| Lorazepam | 5.9 (5.0; 6.9) | 5.2 (4.3; 6.3) | 4.2 (3.3; 5.4) | 0.72 (0.43; 1.00) | −1.7 (−3.1; −0.3) | 0.81 (0.51; 1.11) | −1.0 (−2.4; 0.4) |
| Lormetazepam | 4.6 (3.8; 5.5) | 4.0 (3.2; 5.0) | 4.3 (3.3; 5.5) | 0.93 (0.62; 1.24) | −0.3 (−1.7; 1.1) | 1.06 (0.73; 1.39) | 0.2 (−1.1; 1.6) |
| Zolpidem | 2.3 (1.7; 2.9) | 2.4 (1.8; 3.3) | 2.9 (2.1; 3.9) | 1.28 (0.89; 1.68) | 0.6 (−0.4; 1.7) | 2.89 (0.77; 1.60) | 0.5 (−0.7; 1.6) |
| Other | 5.1 (4.3; 6.0) | 4.2 (3.4; 5.1) | 3.2 (2.4; 4.2) | 0.63 (0.31; 0.94) | −1.9 (−3.1; −0.7) | 0.76 (0.43; 1.10) | −1.0 (−2.2; 0.2) |
| Concomitant use of BZRA & other drugs | |||||||
| Concomitant antidepressants use | 5.7 (4.8; 6.6) | 4.9 (4.0; 5.9) | 4.8 (3.8; 6.0) | 0.85 (0.57; 1.12) | −0.9 (−2.3; 0.5) | 0.98 (0.69; 1.27) | −0.1 (−1.5; 1.3) |
| Concomitant opioid use | 2.0 (1.4; 2.6) | 2.5 (1.9; 3.2) | 1.5 (1.0; 2.2) | 0.77 (0.31; 1.23) | −0.5 (−1.2; 0.3) | 0.61 (0.16; 1.05) | −1.0 (−1.8; −0.1) |
a
Standardized prevalence: prevalence standardized for age, gender and region.
CI, confidence interval; BZRA, benzodiazepine receptor agonists; PD, standardized prevalence difference; PR, standardized prevalence ratio.