Table 2.
Summary of the included studies
| Authors | Country | Study type | Mode of data collection | Study population | Defining CAI | Exclusion criteria | Prevalence of CAI, n(%) | Prevalence of CAI within participants with history of ankle sprains, n(%) | Participants with history of ankle sprain, n(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schmitt et al. [18] | France | Descriptive longitudinal study | Questionnaires | French soldiers aged 32.2 (N = 1238) with a history of ankle sprain (n = 65) | Based on IAC using IdFAI | IAC | 28 (2) | 28/65 (43) | 65 (5) |
| Donovan et al. [19] | USA | Cross-sectional study | Questionnaires |
Athletes 8 from sports clubs and high Athletes in high schools in Wisconsin (N = 1002) Female (n = 505): 15.7 ± 1.7 years Male (n = 497): 15.6 ± 1.9 years |
A history of ankle sprain and perceived ankle instability (evaluated using IdFAI) | Without history of injury | 200 (20) | 200/262 (76) | 262 (26) |
| Koshino et al. [20] | Japan | Cross-sectional study | Questionnaires |
Japanese Collegiate athletes with LAS (N = 470) CAI (n = 47): 20.0 ± 1.2 years, 1.70 ± 0.7 m, 65.5 ± 11.5 kg Coper (n = 20): 20.5 ± 1.4 years, 1.68 ± 0.06 m, 63.8 ± 10.3 kg |
Based on IAC using CAIT |
Research criteria: IAC Clinical criteria: IAC without exclusion criteria |
47 (10) 93 (20) |
47/212 (22) 93/212 (44) |
212 (45) |
| Holland et al. [21] | USA | Cross-sectional study | Questionnaires |
Students in western North Carolina(N = 201) Uninjured (n = 86): 16.0 years, 1.69 m, 62.0 kg Coper (n = 16): 15.38 years, 1.66 m, 65.2 kg Potentially unstable (n = 40): 15.6 years, 1.65 m, 60.9 kg Unstable (n = 59): 15.68 years, 1.68 m, 62.5 kg |
Based on IAC using IdFAI | Missing data | 59 (29) | 59/115 (51) | 115 (57) |
| Doherty et al. [22] | Ireland | Cohort study | Questionnaires |
Physical active individuals with LAS (N = 70) CAI (n = 28): 23.2 years, 75.5 kg, 1.72 m LAS coper (n = 42): 22.7 years, 73.4 kg, 1.73 m |
Based on IAC using CAIT | IAC | NA | 28/70 (40) | NA |
| Attenborough et al. [23] | Australia | Cross-sectional study | Questionnaires Ankle joint laxity |
Female netball players in Sydney(N = 96) Club (n = 42): 24.1 ± 7.9 years, 1.67 ± 0.05 m, 68.5 ± 15.9 kg Inter-district (n = 54): 19.4 ± 3.5 years, 1.73 ± 0.06 m, 72.0 ± 12.7 kg |
Previous ankle sprain + Recurrent ankle sprain, perceived ankle instability (CAIT), mechanical ankle instability |
A lower limb injury in the 6 months prior to testing a history of ankle surgery or ankle fracture all previous ankle sprains occurred a minimum of 6 months prior | 44 (46) | 44/69 (64) | 69 (72) |
| Simon et al. [24] | USA | Exploratory study | Questionnaires |
Dancer (N = 77) 19.61 ± 2.53 years, dance experience: 13.61 ± 3.16 years |
perceived ankle instability (IdFAI) | A history of fracture or surgery in the lower extremities. | 41 (53) | 41/54 (76) | 54 (70) |
| Tanen et al. [25] | USA | Descriptive epidemiological survey | Questionnaires |
Athletes (N = 512) Collegiate athletes (n = 316) 19.6 ± 1.2 years high school athletes (n = 196) 15.9 ± 1.2 years |
Perceived ankle instability (CAIT and AII) | A history of an ankle fracture, ankle surgery, neurological disorder such as, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or multiple sclerosis, or failed to completely answer the questionnaires. | 120 (23) | 120/391 (31) | 391 (76) |
| Kobayashi et al. [26] | Japan | Cross-sectional study | Questionnaires |
Female athletes (N = 138) Aged 18–23 21.8 ± 0.4 years, 1.66 m, 57.0 kg |
Based on IAC using CAIT | IAC | 10 (7) | 10/106 (9) | 106 (77) |
IAC The International Ankle Consortium, CAIT The Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool, AII The ankle Instability Instrument, IdFAI The Identification of functional Ankle Instability, NA not applicable