Table 1.
Factors associated with composite outcome in bivariate and multivariable analyses.
| Characteristic | Bivariate analysis |
Multivariable analysis |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N | Overalla | Composite outcome Yes, N = 476a |
Composite outcome No, N = 658a |
p-Value | HR | 95% CI | p-Value | |
| Age (years) | 1134 | 69 (60, 79) | 70 (62, 80) | 67 (58, 76) | <0.001 | 1.02 | 1.01, 1.02 | <0.001 |
| Sex | 1134 | 0.3 | ||||||
| Female | 464 (41%) | 186 (39%) | 278 (42%) | – | – | – | ||
| Male | 670 (59%) | 290 (61%) | 380 (58%) | 1.28 | 1.04, 1.57 | 0.017 | ||
| Race | 1075 | 0.008 | ||||||
| White | 281 (26%) | 116 (25%) | 165 (27%) | – | – | – | ||
| Asian | 248 (23%) | 128 (28%) | 120 (19%) | 1.34 | 1.03, 1.74 | 0.029 | ||
| Black | 175 (16%) | 68 (15%) | 107 (17%) | 1.06 | 0.77, 1.44 | 0.7 | ||
| Other | 371 (35%) | 143 (31%) | 228 (37%) | 1.11 | 0.85, 1.44 | 0.4 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 1134 | 28 (24, 32) | 27 (24, 32) | 28 (24, 32) | 0.4 | |||
| BMI categories | 1134 | 0.084 | ||||||
| Underweight | 39 (3.4%) | 24 (5.0%) | 15 (2.3%) | 1.65 | 1.05, 2.60 | 0.031 | ||
| Normal | 280 (25%) | 113 (24%) | 167 (25%) | – | – | – | ||
| Overweight | 385 (34%) | 163 (34%) | 222 (34%) | 1.14 | 0.88, 1.46 | 0.3 | ||
| Obesity | 430 (38%) | 176 (37%) | 254 (39%) | 1.36 | 1.05, 1.76 | 0.020 | ||
| Mild | 252 (22.2%) | 101 (21%) | 151 (22.9%) | 1.22 | 0.92, 1.62 | 0.2 | ||
| Moderate | 110 (9.7%) | 46 (9.7%) | 64 (9.7%) | 1.59 | 1.09, 2.32 | 0.015 | ||
| Severe | 68 (6%) | 29 (6.1%) | 39 (5.9%) | 2.07 | 1.29, 3.30 | 0.002 | ||
| CAD | 1134 | 291 (26%) | 141 (30%) | 150 (23%) | 0.011 | 1.17 | 0.94, 1.46 | 0.15 |
| CHF | 1134 | 127 (11%) | 61 (13%) | 66 (10%) | 0.2 | 1.07 | 0.79, 1.45 | 0.6 |
| CVA | 1134 | 123 (11%) | 57 (12%) | 66 (10%) | 0.3 | 1.04 | 0.77, 1.40 | 0.8 |
| HTN | 1134 | 930 (82%) | 393 (83%) | 537 (82%) | 0.7 | 0.87 | 0.68, 1.13 | 0.3 |
| Pulmonary | 1134 | 224 (20%) | 88 (18%) | 136 (21%) | 0.4 | 1.01 | 0.79, 1.30 | >0.9 |
| CKD | 1134 | 206 (18%) | 94 (20%) | 112 (17%) | 0.3 | 0.95 | 0.73, 1.23 | 0.7 |
| Smoking | 1133 | 272 (24%) | 118 (25%) | 154 (23%) | 0.6 | 1.02 | 0.81, 1.27 | 0.9 |
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 689 | 7.60 (6.70, 9.30) | 7.70 (6.80, 9.20) | 7.60 (6.70, 9.40) | 0.7 | b | b | b |
| Metformin | 1134 | 511 (45%) | 194 (41%) | 317 (48%) | 0.016 | 0.92 | 0.74, 1.13 | 0.4 |
| Sulfonylureas | 1134 | 212 (19%) | 84 (18%) | 128 (19%) | 0.5 | 0.97 | 0.75, 1.26 | 0.8 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 1134 | 248 (22%) | 109 (23%) | 139 (21%) | 0.5 | 0.92 | 0.73, 1.16 | 0.5 |
| GLP-1 analogs | 1134 | 50 (4.4%) | 14 (2.9%) | 36 (5.5%) | 0.057 | 0.69 | 0.39, 1.21 | 0.2 |
| Insulin | 1134 | 326 (29%) | 132 (28%) | 194 (29%) | 0.6 | 0.99 | 0.79, 1.23 | 0.9 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 1134 | 70 (6.2%) | 31 (6.5%) | 39 (5.9%) | 0.8 | 1.02 | 0.69,1.05 | >0.9 |
Statistical tests performed: Wilcoxon rank-sum test; chi-square test of independence; Fisher's exact test.
Pulmonary disease comprised chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, interstitial lung disease, obstructive sleep apnea, pulmonary hypertension, cystic fibrosis, and pneumothorax.
BMI = body mass index, CAD = coronary artery disease, CHF = congestive heart failure, CI = Confidence Interval, CKD = chronic kidney disease, CVA = cerebrovascular disease, DPP = dipeptidyl peptidase-4, GLP-1 = glucagon-like peptide-1, HTN. = hypertension, HR = hazard ratio, Ref = reference category.
Statistics presented: median (interquartile range); n (%).
Covariate not included in multivariable analysis due to missing data and lack of signal in bivariate analysis.