Figure 3.

HAECs were treated for 6 h with either: (i) Parent anthocyanins (Ac) [16 nM MG and 12 nM CG]; (ii) Blueberry metabolites [75 nm VAS, 75 nm IVAS, 700 nm BAS, 3 μm HHA, and 5 μm HA]; or (iii) the solubilizing vehicle DMSO. For the last 5 h HAECs in each condition were treated with 500 μM palmitate or the vehicle BSA. A) To determine insulin-stimulated NO production HAEC were treated with 100 nm insulin (Ins) for the final 30 min of each treatment. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 6 (means of duplicate). B) mRNA expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and NOX4 were analyzed by qPCR using SYBR green. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 4 (means of duplicate). C) ROS was determined by DCF assay. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 6 (means of duplicate). D) mRNA expression of NFκB-p65, IκKβ and IκBα were analyzed by qPCR using SYBR green. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 4 (means of duplicate). Means without a common letter differ, p < 0.05.