Table 1.
Characterisation of the overall sample and the eight active stand groups at Wave 1 and Wave 3.
| W1 | W3 | W1 | W3 | W1 | W3 | W1 | W3 | W1 | W3 | W1 | W3 | W1 | W3 | W1 | W3 | W1 | W3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Entire Cohort (n = 2938) | Group 1 (n = 146) | Group 2 (n = 16) | Group 3 (n = 132) | Group 4 (n = 366) | Group 5 (n = 66) | Group 6 (n = 18) | Group 7 (n = 159) | Group 8 (n = 2035) | ||||||||||
| Mean Baseline SBP (SD) [mmHg] | 134.9 (21.9) | 140.7 (24.4) | 148.8 (25.5) | 146.9 (25.0) | 131.0 (30.8) | 141.7 (19.4) | 143.6 (22.6) | 141.3 (21.9) | 139.6 (22.3) | 143.6 (20.1) | 142.1 (22.1) | 141.9 (23.8) | 147.4 (17.9) | 154.5 (19.5) | 145.2 (24.7) | 146.6 (23.8) | 131.4 (20.1) | 139.1 (20.8) |
| % immediate deficit | 23.6 | 14.4 | 100 | 26.0 | 100.0 | 12.5 | 100.0 | 23.5 | 100.0 | 26.5 | 0 | 12.1 | 0 | 22.2 | 0 | 13.8 | 0 | 10.8 |
| % stabilisation deficit | 10.2 | 10.5 | 100 | 34.9 | 100 | 12.5 | 0 | 15.2 | 0 | 10.4 | 100 | 37.9 | 100 | 22.2 | 0 | 13.8 | 0 | 7.2 |
| % late deficit | 17.8 | 17.0 | 100 | 43.2 | 0 | 18.8 | 100 | 21.2 | 0 | 17.5 | 100 | 45.5 | 0 | 16.7 | 100 | 32.1 | 0 | 12.7 |
| Mean time to stand in seconds (SD) | 7.6 (3.0) | 7.2 (2.9) | 7.9 (2.7) | 7.4 (3.2) | 8.3 (3.5) | 7.1 (2.4) | 7.3 (2.3) | 7.2 (2.6) | 7.5 (2.8) | 7.1 (2.7) | 9.7 (4.5) | 8.3 (3.6) | 9.0 (3.8) | 8.9 (5.7) | 8.1 (3.2) | 7.5 (3.4) | 7.5 (2.9) | 7.2 (2.9) |
| Mean age in years (SD) | 59.8 (7.9) | 64.2 (7.9) | 62.8 (9.1) | 67.1 (9.1) | 65.4 (9.6) | 69.9 (9.7) | 59.6 (7.2) | 64.0 (7.2) | 60.5 (7.7) | 65.0 (7.6) | 64.9 (7.9) | 69.2 (7.9) | 64.9 (9.4) | 69.2 (9.6) | 60.1 (8.1) | 64.5 (8.1) | 59.2 (7.7) | 63.5 (7.7) |
| Sex (n (%)) [female] | 1609 (54.8) | 1609 (54.8) | 93 (63.7) | 93 (63.7) | 8 (50.0) | 8 (50.0) | 93 (70.4) | 93 (70.4) | 211 (57.7) | 211 (57.7) | 42 (63.6) | 42 (63.6) | 9 (50.0) | 9 (50.0) | 100 (62.9) | 100 (62.9) | 1053 (51.7) | 1053 (51.7) |
|
Multimorbidity (n (%)) |
1239 (42.2) | 1302 (44.4) | 66 (45.2) | 80 (54.8) | 9 (56.3) | 11 (68.8) | 52 (39.4) | 62 (47.0) | 164 (44.8) | 173 (47.4) | 34 (51.5) | 38 (57.6) | 11 (61.1) | 9 (50.0) | 70 (44.0) | 74 (46.5) | 833 (40.9) | 855 (42.1) |
|
No. of chronic conditions (mean (SD)) |
1.4 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.8 (1.5) | 1.9 (1.2) | 2.0 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.3) | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.6 (1.3) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.9 (1.3) | 1.8 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.0) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.6 (1.2) | 1.3 (1.1) | 1.4 (1.2) |
|
No. of cardiovascular conditions (mean (SD)) |
0.1 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0(0) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.4) | 0.1 (0.3) |
|
Hypertension (n (%)) |
1090 (37.2) | 1013 (34.5) | 60 (41.1) | 57 (39.0) | 6 (37.5) | 7 (43.8) | 60 (45.5) | 39 (29.6) | 169 (46.6) | 149 (40.8) | 27 (40.9) | 28 (42.4) | 8 (44.4) | 9 (50.0) | 75 (47.2) | 60 (37.7) | 685 (33.7) | 664 (32.7) |
|
Diabetes (n (%)) |
147 (5.0) | 190 (6.5) | 10 (6.9) | 14 (9.6) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (6.3) | 5 (3.8) | 9 (6.8) | 16 (4.4) | 17 (4.6) | 3 (4.6) | 3 (4.6) | 2 (11.1) | 3 (16.7) | 6 (3.8) | 7 (4.4) | 104 (5.1) | 136 (6.7) |
|
Parkinson’s (n (%)) |
6 (0.2) | 12 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.3) | 4 (2.5) | 3 (0.2) | 6 (0.3) |
|
Binary Frailty (prefrail/frail) (n (%)) |
676 (23.4) | 799 (32.4) | 44 (31.0) | 39 (32.5) | 5 (31.3) | 4 (30.8) | 32 (24.2) | 35 (32.7) | 82 (22.8) | 89 (28.6) | 18 (27.3) | 24 (50.0) | 3 (16.7) | 3 (20.0) | 49 (31.8) | 45 (33.1) | 443 (22.1) | 560 (32.6) |
|
Antihypertensives (n (%)) |
803 (27.3) | 1066 (36.3) | 50 (34.3) | 67 (45.9) | 6 (37.5) | 6 (37.5) | 32 (24.2) | 51 (38.6) | 105 (28.7) | 149 (40.7) | 27 (40.9) | 30 (45.5) | 6 (33.3) | 8 (44.4) | 39 (24.5) | 66 (41.5) | 538 (26.4) | 689 (33.9) |
| ACEI/ARB (n (%)) | 536 (18.3) | 747 (25.4) | 27 (18.6) | 39 (26.7) | 4 (25.0) | 4 (25.0) | 18 (13.6) | 37 (28.0) | 76 (20.8) | 105 (28.7) | 17 (26.2) | 25 (37.9) | 2 (11.8) | 4 (22.2) | 27 (17.1) | 51 (32.1) | 365 (18.0) | 482 (23.7) |
| Beta-blockers (n (%)) | 274 (9.4) | 369 (12.6) | 22 (15.2) | 28 (19.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 12 (9.1) | 14 (10.6) | 38 (10.4) | 60 (16.4) | 12 (18.5) | 11 (16.7) | 1 (5.9) | 2 (11.1) | 14 (8.9) | 23 (14.5) | 175 (8.6) | 231 (11.4) |
| Diuretics (n (%)) | 127 (4.3) | 127 (4.3) | 9 (6.2) | 12 (8.2) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (12.5) | 5 (3.8) | 3 (2.3) | 11 (3.0) | 16 (4.4) | 5 (7.7) | 6 (9.1) | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0) | 8 (5.1) | 8 (5.1) | 87 (4.3) | 80 (3.9) |
| CCBs (n (%)) | 200 (6.8) | 293 (10.0) | 13 (9.0) | 20 (13.7) | 3 (18.8) | 4 (25.0) | 5 (3.8) | 16 (12.1) | 15 (4.1) | 44 (12.0) | 7 (10.8) | 9 (13.6) | 4 (23.5) | 3 (16.7) | 9 (5.7) | 13 (8.2) | 144 (7.1) | 184 (9.0) |
| Alpha blockers (n (%)) | 28 (1.0) | 30 (1.0) | 4 (2.8) | 3 (2.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.8) | 2 (0.6) | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.6) | 18 (0.9) | 23 (1.1) |
| Psychotropics (n (%)) | 219 (7.5) | 300 (10.2) | 20 (13.7) | 24 (16.4) | 2 (12.5) | 3 (18.8) | 8 (6.1) | 9 (6.8) | 36 (9.8) | 46 (12.6) | 6 (9.1) | 10 (15.2) | 0 (0) | 2 (11.1) | 17 (10.7) | 20 (12.6) | 130 (6.4) | 186 (9.1) |
|
Orthostatic intolerance (n (%)) |
1150 (39.2) | 853 (29.1) | 68 (46.6) | 51 (34.9) | 8 (50.0) | 5 (31.3) | 57 (43.2) | 33 (25.0) | 168 (45.9) | 126 (34.4) | 23 (34.9) | 19 (28.8) | 7 (38.9) | 5 (27.8) | 73 (45.9) | 48 (30.2) | 746 (36.7) | 566 (28.0) |
|
GP visits in past year (mean (SD)) |
3.1 (4.4) | 3.2 (3.1) | 3.5 (3.5) | 3.5 (3.2) | 3.3 (3.1) | 3.0 (2.1) | 3.1 (3.3) | 3.1 (2.4) | 2.9 (3.3) | 3.3 (3.0) | 3.4 (3.8) | 3.3 (3.2) | 3.6 (2.3) | 3.0 (2.4) | 3.6 (3.6) | 3.7 (2.9) | 3.0 (4.8) | 3.1 (3.1) |
|
GP visits in past year (median (IQR)) |
2 (3) | 2 (3) | 2.5 (3) | 3 (3) | 2 (2.5) | 2 (3.5) | 2 (3) | 2 (2) | 2 (3) | 2 (3) | 2.5 (3) | 2 (2) | 2.5 (3) | 3 (3) | 3 (3) | 3 (3) | 2 (3) | 2 (3) |
Abbreviations: SD: standard deviation; SBP: systolic blood pressure; ACEI: angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockers; CCB: calcium channel blockers; GP: general practitioner.