Table 3.
Factors associated with outcomes in patients presenting with GI symptoms who receive HL
| Admission to hospital | Return to the ED within 30 d | Outpatient follow-up | |||||||
| OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | |
| Age | 1.05 | 1.02–1.07 | 0.000 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.259 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.04 | 0.381 |
| Sex (female) | 1.00 | 0.55–1.81 | 0.998 | 0.67 | 0.41–1.1 | 0.117 | 1.72 | 0.87–3.4 | 0.119 |
| BMI | 1.01 | 0.97–1.05 | 0.565 | 1.01 | 0.97–1.04 | 0.799 | 1.01 | 0.97–1.05 | 0.740 |
| Diabetes | 4.56 | 2.06–10.1 | 0.000 | 1.50 | 0.77–2.93 | 0.237 | 0.91 | 0.4–2.06 | 0.822 |
| Cannabinoid use | 2.31 | 1.15–4.65 | 0.019 | 0.97 | 0.55–1.72 | 0.909 | 0.47 | 0.24–0.92 | 0.027 |
| Chronic opioid use | 0.59 | 0.29–1.17 | 0.129 | 0.81 | 0.46–1.43 | 0.459 | 1.27 | 0.62–2.59 | 0.510 |
| Race | |||||||||
| African American | 0.45 | 0.16–1.26 | 0.127 | 1.52 | 0.63–3.69 | 0.355 | 0.36 | 0.14–0.97 | 0.043 |
| White | 1.47 | 0.45–4.87 | 0.526 | 0.72 | 0.25–2.06 | 0.540 | 0.38 | 0.12–1.18 | 0.095 |
| Latino | 0.63 | 0.2–1.98 | 0.426 | 1.11 | 0.42–2.91 | 0.831 | 0.69 | 0.24–2 | 0.497 |
| Psychiatric disorders | |||||||||
| Anxiety | 2.56 | 1.09–6.01 | 0.031 | 1.26 | 0.61–2.59 | 0.534 | 1.63 | 0.71–3.75 | 0.255 |
| Depression | 0.87 | 0.43–1.77 | 0.695 | 1.20 | 0.65–2.2 | 0.561 | 1.15 | 0.55–2.4 | 0.705 |
| Bipolar | 1.78 | 0.53–5.93 | 0.350 | 1.04 | 0.38–2.84 | 0.935 | 1.43 | 0.46–4.45 | 0.537 |
| Schizophrenia | 4.02 | 0.83–19.52 | 0.085 | 1.94 | 0.51–7.37 | 0.332 | 0.45 | 0.08–2.5 | 0.364 |
| Underlying GI disorders | |||||||||
| Gastroparesis | 0.82 | 0.39–1.72 | 0.602 | 1.54 | 0.83–2.87 | 0.175 | 1.63 | 0.76–3.46 | 0.208 |
| GERD | 1.60 | 0.27–9.59 | 0.609 | 0.88 | 0.15–5.22 | 0.884 | 0.90 | 0.11–7.59 | 0.926 |
| CVS | 0.57 | 0.2–1.62 | 0.288 | 1.19 | 0.53–2.64 | 0.679 | 1.79 | 0.63–5.09 | 0.273 |
| CHS | 1.20 | 0.58–2.5 | 0.619 | 0.95 | 0.51–1.76 | 0.872 | 0.41 | 0.16–1.06 | 0.066 |
| Main presenting chief complaint | |||||||||
| Abdominal pain | 0.47 | 0.22–0.99 | 0.046 | 1.53 | 0.8–2.92 | 0.202 | 2.49 | 1.07–5.8 | 0.035 |
| Nausea | 0.08 | 0–3.5 | 0.189 | 1.94 | 0.2–18.9 | 0.569 | 2.32 | 0.2–26.48 | 0.499 |
| Vomiting | 0.13 | 0.01–2.84 | 0.194 | 0.22 | 0.03–1.71 | 0.146 | 0.25 | 0.02–2.48 | 0.234 |
| Medications received during the ED visit | |||||||||
| No other medications other than HL | 0.25 | 0.07–0.89 | 0.033 | 1.17 | 0.44–3.13 | 0.751 | 1.05 | 0.31–3.58 | 0.936 |
| PPI, H1-, or H2-blockers | 1.03 | 0.58–1.83 | 0.924 | 1.39 | 0.85–2.27 | 0.187 | 0.91 | 0.48–1.72 | 0.768 |
| Antiemetics | 2.11 | 1.03–4.32 | 0.042 | 1.62 | 0.86–3.06 | 0.135 | 0.90 | 0.41–2.01 | 0.803 |
| Benzodiazepine | 0.67 | 0.29–1.52 | 0.336 | 2.28 | 1.19–4.38 | 0.013 | 0.68 | 0.28–1.62 | 0.380 |
| Narcotics | 1.25 | 0.69–2.25 | 0.463 | 1.19 | 0.72–1.97 | 0.487 | 0.52 | 0.27–1.02 | 0.057 |
| HL dose | 1.05 | 0.88–1.25 | 0.593 | 1.07 | 0.93–1.24 | 0.331 | 0.95 | 0.79–1.14 | 0.577 |
| Hospital parameters | |||||||||
| ED LOS | 1.34 | 1.22–1.47 | 0.000 | 1.01 | 0.94–1.08 | 0.776 | 0.96 | 0.88–1.04 | 0.288 |
| Admission | 1.12 | 0.64–1.96 | 0.692 | 4.49 | 2.16–9.34 | 0.000 | |||
| Outpatient follow-up | 0.84 | 0.46–1.54 | 0.573 | ||||||
Multiple binary logistic regression models were used to predict OR for categorical outcomes. P is considered statistically significant at <0.05 (bold).
BMI, body mass index; CHS, cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome; CI, confidence interval; CVS, cyclic vomiting syndrome; ED, emergency department; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; GI, gastrointestinal; H1 and H2, histamine 1 and 2 receptors; HL, haloperidol; LOS, length of stay; OR, odds ratio; PPI, proton pump inhibitor.