TABLE 5.
Breed‐related paroxysmal dyskinesias
| Colloquial name(s) | Primary affected breed | Mode of inheritance | Trigger | Duration (min) | Progression | Similarity with human disorder(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Labrador hypertonicity syndrome | Labrador retriever 28 | Unknown | N/A | Constant | Stabilize as adults | Stiff Man Syndrome |
| Chinook seizures | Chinook dog 29 | Unknown | No consistent triggers | 1‐60 | Not reported | PNKD |
| Episodic falling syndrome | Cavalier King Charles spaniel 30 | Autosomal recessive | Exercise, excitement, stress | <1 to several minutes | Improve/stabilize with age | Paroxysmal dyskinesia |
| Canine epileptoid cramping syndrome, Spike disease | Border terrier 31 | Unknown | Waking, excitement, stress, heat/cold | <1‐150 | Not reported (gluten‐free diet may ameliorate) | PNKD |
| Scottie cramps | Scottish terrier 32 , 33 | Autosomal recessive | Excitement, stress, exercise, | 5‐20 | Improve with age | PNKD |
| Paroxysmal dyskinesia | Labrador retriever 34 | Unknown | Excitement, stress, startling | 10 | Improve with age | PKD |
| Paroxysmal dyskinesia | Jack Russell terrier 34 | Unknown | Stress, temperature changes | 10 | Improve with age | PNKD |
| Paroxysmal dyskinesia | Boxer 35 | Unknown | Excitement | 1‐5 | Improve with age | Paroxysmal dyskinesia |
| Paroxysmal dyskinesia | German shorthaired pointer 36 | Unknown | Excitement, exercise | 10‐30 typically, up to 180 | Not reported | Paroxysmal hyperkinetic disorder |
| Paroxysmal dyskinesia | Maltese 37 | Unknown | No consistent trigger | 1‐90 (median 4.5) | Not reported (gluten‐free diet may ameliorate) | Paroxysmal dyskinesia |
| Paroxysmal dyskinesia | Soft‐coated wheaten terrier 38 | Autosomal recessive | No consistent trigger | 1‐240 | Not reported | PNKD |
| Paroxysmal dyskinesia | Shetland sheepdog 39 | Autosomal dominant | Stress, excitement, exercise | Minutes to hours | Not reported (high tryptophan diet may ameliorate) | PKD |
| Paroxysmal dyskinesia | Norwich terrier 40 | Unknown | No consistent trigger | Not reported | Stable | PNKD |
Note: Isolated case reports are purposefully not represented here, as a consistent association within the breed is not yet established.
Abbreviations: PD, paroxysmal dyskinesia; PKD, paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia; PNKD, paroxysmal nonkinesigenic dyskinesia.