Table 2.
ORs and 95% CI for colorectal cancer risk associated with circulating AGEs and their ratios, EPIC study 1992–2012
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CML | ||||||
| Range, nmol/L | <2014 | 2014 – <2401 | 2401 – <2805 | 2805 – <3505 | ≥3505 | |
| Cases/controls | 302/276 | 338/276 | 280/275 | 247/276 | 211/275 | |
| Model 1a | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.96 (0.75–1.23) | 0.74 (0.57–0.97) | 0.58 (0.44–0.78) | 0.37 (0.26–0.52) | <0.001 |
| Model 2b | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.97 (0.75–1.26) | 0.79 (0.59–1.04) | 0.63 (0.46–0.86) | 0.40 (0.27–0.59) | <0.001 |
| CEL | ||||||
| Range, nmol/L | <986 | 986 – <1234 | 1234 – <1478 | 1478 – <1807 | ≥1807 | |
| Cases/controls | 272/276 | 270/276 | 286/276 | 290/275 | 260/275 | |
| Model 1a | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.96 (0.74–1.23) | 1.02 (0.78–1.33) | 1.01 (0.76–1.33) | 0.89 (0.66–1.19) | 0.605 |
| Model 2b | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.98 (0.76–1.27) | 1.04 (0.79–1.37) | 1.04 (0.78–1.39) | 0.88 (0.64–1.19) | 0.580 |
| MG-H1 | ||||||
| Range, nmol/L | <872 | 872 – <974 | 974 – <1082 | 1082 – <1248 | ≥1248 | |
| Cases/controls | 309/276 | 308/275 | 260/276 | 256/274 | 244/276 | |
| Model 1a | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.94 (0.73–1.20) | 0.75 (0.58–0.97) | 0.71 (0.54–0.93) | 0.68 (0.50–0.91) | 0.002 |
| Model 2b | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.97 (0.75–1.25) | 0.79 (0.61–1.03) | 0.77 (0.58–1.02) | 0.73 (0.53–1.00) | 0.016 |
| ΣAGEs, nmol/L | ||||||
| Range, nmol/L | <4284 | 4284 – <4848 | 4848 – <5414 | 5414 – <6306 | ≥6306 | |
| Cases/controls | 334/276 | 315/276 | 275/276 | 219/276 | 235/274 | |
| Model 1a | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.89 (0.70–1.14) | 0.73 (0.56–0.95) | 0.52 (0.39–0.68) | 0.48 (0.35–0.65) | <0.001 |
| Model 2b | 1.00 (ref.) | 0.93 (0.72–1.19) | 0.76 (0.58–1.00) | 0.54 (0.41–0.73) | 0.52 (0.37–0.73) | <0.001 |
| CEL:MG-H1 | ||||||
| Range | <0.89 | 0.89 – <1.15 | 1.15 – <1.43 | 1.43 – <1.81 | ≥1.81 | |
| Cases/controls | 247/276 | 274/276 | 263/275 | 295/275 | 298/275 | |
| Model 1a | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.09 (0.85–1.40) | 1.09 (0.83–1.42) | 1.27 (0.96–1.68) | 1.33 (0.98–1.80) | 0.047 |
| Model 2b | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.13 (0.87–1.47) | 1.08 (0.82–1.42) | 1.27 (0.95–1.70) | 1.26 (0.91–1.73) | 0.139 |
| (CEL+MG-H1): CML | ||||||
| Range | <0.66 | 0.66 – <0.86 | 0.86 – <1.02 | 1.02 – <1.24 | ≥1.24 | |
| Cases/controls | 233/276 | 279/276 | 263/275 | 280/275 | 322/275 | |
| Model 1a | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.49 (1.12–1.99) | 1.64 (1.19–2.27) | 1.70 (1.21–2.39) | 2.14 (1.50–3.05) | <0.001 |
| Model 2b | 1.00 (ref.) | 1.42 (1.05–1.90) | 1.54 (1.10–2.16) | 1.54 (1.08–2.19) | 1.91 (1.31–2.79) | 0.004 |
Quintiles were created based on the distribution in the control group. MG-H1 has one missing data, hence MG-H1, CEL:MG-H1 and (CEL+MG-H1): CML have 1377 cases and 1377 matched controls. AGE, advanced glycation end-product; CI, confidence interval; CML, Nε-carboxy-methyllysine; CEL, Nε-carboxy-ethyllysine; MG-H1, Nδ-(5-hydro-5-methyl-4-imidazolon-2-yl)-ornithine; OR, odds ratio.
aModel 1 was conditioned on matching factors: age at blood collection (±1 year), sex, recruiting centre, time of the day at blood collection (±3 h), fasting status at blood collection (<3, 3–6 and >6 h), and, additionally, among women by menopausal status (pre-menopause, peri-menopause, and post-menopause) and hormone replacement therapy use at time of blood collection (yes/no).
bModel 2 model was Model 1 adjusted for BMI (continuous), height (continuous), education (none, primary, technical and professional, secondary, higher education), physical activity (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, active), smoking status, duration and intensity (never, 1–15 cigarettes/day, 16–25 cigarettes/day, over 26 cigarettes/day, former smokers who quit<10 years, former smokers who quit 11–20 years, former smokers who quit >20 years, current pipe-cigar and occasional smokers), energy intake (continuous), alcohol intake (continuous), processed meat intake (continuous), fibre intake (continuous) and dairy products intake (continuous).