Table 2.

Multivariable Dose–Response Associations of Alcohol Consumption with Incident Cataract Surgery among Alcohol Drinkers in EPIC-Norfolk and UK Biobank

	No. of Incident Cases	No. at Risk	Univariable Model		Multivariable Model
			Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	P Value	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	P Value
Alcohol consumers in EPIC-Norfolk (n = 18 646)
By quartiles of total weekly alcohol intake
Lowest intake (≤14.10 g/≤1.76 units)	998	4590	Ref		Ref
Quartile 2 (14.23–43.70 g/1.77–5.46 units)	899	4654	0.88 (0.80–0.96)	0.005	0.92 (0.84–1.01)	0.07
Quartile 3 (43.83–88.53 g/5.47–11.07 units)	826	4645	0.80 (0.73–0.88)	<0.001	0.86 (0.79–0.95)	0.002
Highest intake (≥88.78 g/≥11.09 units)	732	4757	0.70 (0.64–0.77)	<0.001	0.82 (0.74–0.90)	<0.001
P for trend				<0.001		<0.001
Alcohol consumers in UK Biobank (n = 432 260)
By frequency of alcohol consumption
1–3 times or less per month	4646	107 112	Ref		Ref
1–2 times per week	4380	121 159	0.82 (0.79–0.86)	<0.001	0.93 (0.89–0.97)	0.001
3–4 times per week	3887	108 897	0.81 (0.78–0.85)	<0.001	0.94 (0.90–0.98)	0.005
Daily or almost daily	4064	95 092	0.98 (0.94–1.03)	0.42	0.97 (0.93–1.01)	0.16
P for trend				0.18		0.22

BMI = body mass index; CI = confidence interval; EPIC = European Prospective Investigation of Cancer.

Multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, BMI, smoking, and diabetes status.

Bold values denote statistical significance at the P < 0.05 level.

Alcohol consumption was quantified by absolute intake in EPIC-Norfolk (presented in both grams and units per week) and by frequency of intake in UK Biobank.

One unit of alcohol (8 g) is equivalent to 1 glass of wine; half a pint of beer, lager, or cider; or 1 single measure of spirits.