Table 2.
Comparison between clinical aspects of bacterial sepsis and COVID-19 and their probable response to B-1a cell therapy
| Clinical aspects | Sepsis | COVID-19 | Probable response to B-1a therapy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contagious transmission | − | + | |
| Anosmia | − | + | |
| Cough/odynophagia | +/− | + | |
| Hyperthermia | +/− | + | |
| Myalgia/fatigue | + | + | |
| Diarrhea/anorexia | +/− | + | |
| Cytokine storm* | + (robust) (17) | + (moderate) (17) | At the onset of cytokine storm, B-1a cell therapy could be beneficial for controlling cytokine storm (13) |
| IL-6 release | + (higher levels) (17) | + (moderate levels) (17) | + |
| Immunesuppression | + (moderate lymphopenia) (17) | + (severe lymphopenia) (17) | B-1a cells produce IL-10, therefore at the onset of immune suppressive phase B-1a cell therapy may be detrimental (10) |
| Multiple organ dysfunction* | + | + | + |
| Respiratory failure/ARDS | + | + | + |
| Acute kidney injury | + | +/− | ? |
| Liver failure | + | + | ? |
| Cardiovascular diseases | + | +/− | Protects from atherosclerosis (35) |
| Encephalopathy | + | + | ? |
| Myopathy/rhabdomyolysis | + | +/− | ? |
| Coagulopathy/DIC† | + | + | ? |
| Myocarditis/myocardiopathy* | + | + | ? |
| Secondary infections* | + | +/− | Protects against pneumonia (34) |
*
Conditions associated with severe COVID-19.
†
DIC indicates disseminated intravascular coagulation
?
, not studied.