Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of included studies.
| Author, year of publication | Period of data collection | Pandemic period/lockdown | Pre-pandemic period/pre-lockdown | Historical control period/pre-COVID-19 | Study design | Country | Location | Source of data | Male % | Average age | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Araiza-Garaygordobil, 2021 | 12 Mar to 15 Apr, 2020 | 1 Dec 2019 to 11 Mar 2020 | Dec 2018 to April 2019 | Ecological retrospective study | 17 countries | Intercontinental | NA | ||||
| Mafham, 2020 | 1 Jan 2019 to 24 May, 2020 | March to May 2020 | Jan 2019 to Feb 2020 | Retrospective cohort | England | Europe | Acute NHS hospital trusts | 6 | |||
| Perrin, 2020 | 13 Mar to 30 Apr 2020 | 13 Mar to 30 Apr 2019 and pre-pandemic period (7 Jan to 24 Feb 2020) | Retrospective cohort | Switzerland | Europe | Geneva University Hospitals | Pandemic (80); Control (75) | Pandemic (63.8); Control (68.0) | 6 | ||
| Tam, 2020 | 1 Nov 2019 to 31 Mar 2020 | After 25 Jan 2020 | Before 25 Jan 2020 | Cross-sectional study | Hong Kong | Asia | Accident and Emergency Department | Pandemic (70.3); Pre-pandemic (65.9) | Pandemic (69.4); Pre-pandemic (69.0) | 6 | |
| Toniolo, 2020 | Mar-20 | Mar-19 | Retrospective cohort | Italy | Europe | Cardiology Division of Udine University Hospital | 6 | ||||
| Huet, 2020 | 17−22 Mar 2020 | 2−6 Mar 2020 | Cross-sectional study | France | Europe | Intensive cardiac units of 9 cardiology centres | 5 | ||||
| Kwok, 2020b | Jan 2017 to April 2020 | After 23 March 2020 | Before 23 March 2020 | Retrospective cohort | UK | Europe | British Cardiovascular Intervention Society-National Institute of Cardiovascular Outcomes Research database | 7 | |||
| Boukhris, 2020 | 1 Jan to 30 April 2020 | 1 Jan to 30 April 2019 | Cross-sectional study | Russia, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia | Intercontinental | 5 | |||||
| Braiteh, 2020 | March to April 2020 | March to April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | Upstate New York Hospitals | Pandemic (70.1); Control (61.9) | Pandemic (65.1); Control (72.3) | 6 | ||
| Butt, 2020 | January and March 2020 | Mar-19 | Retrospective cohort | Qatar | Asia | Hamad Medical Corporation | 6 | ||||
| De Filippo, 2020 | 20 Feb to 31 March 2020 | 1 Jan to 19 Feb 2020 | 20 Feb to 31 March 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Italy | Europe | 15 Hospitals | Pandemic (76.8) | Pandemic (68) | 6 | |
| De Rosa, 2020 | 12−19 March 2020 | 12−19 March 2019 | Cross-sectional study | Italy | Europe | Cardiac care units | Pandemic (68); Control (67.1) | 6 | |||
| Fileti, 2020 | 10 March to 10 April 2020 | 10 March to 10 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Italy | Europe | 2 Hospitals with cardiac catheterization facilities | Pandemic (65.3); Control (64.9) | Pandemic (69.7); Control (70.4) | 6 | ||
| Folino, 2020 | 2020 | 2019 | Cross-sectional study | Italy | Europe | 10 Cardiological centres in Northern Italy | 6 | ||||
| Haddad, 2020 | mid-March to mid-May 2020 | Jan to mid-March 2020 | mid-March to mid-May 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Canada | North America | Hospitals in the Greater Montreal area | Pandemic (44); Pre-pandemic (42); Control (42) | Pandemic (60.6); Pre-pandemic (61.1); Control (69.5) | 6 | |
| Hauguel-Moreau, 2020 | Weeks 8−7, 2018−2020 | 17 Feb to 26 April 2020 | 17 Feb to 26 April 2018; 17 Feb to 26 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | France | Europe | High volume PCI coronary unit | 6 | |||
| Holy, 2020 | Before and after 16 March 2020 (lockdown) | Before and after 16 March 2019 | Cross-sectional study | Switzerland | Europe | University Heart Center Zurich | 5 | ||||
| Metzler, 2020 | 2−29 March 2020 | Cross-sectional study | Austria | Europe | PCI centres | 4 | |||||
| Montagnon, 2021 | 23 March to 5 April 2020 | 23 March to 5 April 2019 | Cross-sectional study | France | Europe | Hospital Sainte Anne | ACS - Pandemic (71.4); Control (75)/Stroke plus TIA - Pandemic (70); Control (55.6) | ACS - Pandemic (67); Control (72)/Stroke plus TIA - Pandemic (73); Control (76) | 6 | ||
| Showkathali, 2020 | 25 March to 31 May 2020 | 25 March to 31 May 2018; 25 March to 31 May 2019 | Retrospective cohort | India | Asia | Tertiary referral hospital | Pandemic (59); Control (72.3) | 6 | |||
| Sokolski, 2020 | 1 March to 30 April 2020 | 1 March to 30 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | 12 countries | Europe | 15 centres in Europe | 7 | ||||
| Solomon, 2020 | Before and after 4 March 2020 | Before and after 4 March 2019 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | Kaiser Permanente Northern California | 6 | ||||
| Vacanti, 2020 | 1 Jan to 30 June 2020 | 2 Jan to 30 June 2018; 1 Jan to 30 June 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Germany | Europe | Cardiology Dept | 6 | ||||
| Yalamanchi, 2020 | 22 March to 1 August 2020 | 22 March to 1 August 2018; 22 March to 1 August 2019 | Retrospective cohort | India | Asia | Cardiac intensive care unit | 2020 (59); 2019 (63); 2018 (62) | 6 | |||
| Tsioufis, 2020 | 1 Jan to 30 April 2020 | 1 Jan to 30 April 2018; 1 Jan to 30 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Greece | Europe | Cardiology Dept of a Tertiary General Hospital | 6 | ||||
| Gasior, 2020 | 9 March to 16 April 2020 | 9 March to 16 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Poland | Europe | Polish National Health Fund | 6 | ||||
| Dreger, 2020 | Weeks 2−21 2020 | Weeks 2−21 2017 to 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Germany | Europe | Hospitals in Berlin | 6 | ||||
| Anderson, 2020 | 11 March to 28 April 2020 | 11 March to 28 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | Hospital in Boston | 6 | ||||
| Gluckman, 2020 | 30 Dec 2018 to 16 May 2020 | 29 March 2020 to 16 May 2020 | 23 Feb 2020 to 28 March 2020 | 30 Dec 2018 to 22 Feb 2020 | Cross-sectional study | USA | North America | 49 hospitals in the Providence St Joseph Health system | Later COVID-19 period (66); Early COVID-19 period (68); Historical control (66) | Later COVID-19 period (67); Early COVID-19 period (67); Historical control (68) | 6 |
| Mohammad, 2020 | 1 March to 7 May 2020 | 1 March to 7 May 2015−2019 | Retrospective cohort | Sweden | Europe | Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry | Pandemic (67.4); Control (67.4) | Pandemic (70); Control (70) | 6 | ||
| Piccolo, 2020 | 30 Jan to 26 March 2020 | 4 weeks after 27 Feb 2020 | 4 weeks before 27 Feb 2020 | Retrospective cohort | Italy | Europe | PCI centres | Pandemic (75%); Pre-pandemic (72%) | Pandemic (65.6); Pre-pandemic (65.8) | 6 | |
| Secco, 2020 | Mar-20 | Mar-19 | Retrospective cohort | Italy | Europe | 3 High volume hospitals | Pandemic (67.4); Control (67.4) | Pandemic (67.4); Control (67.4) | 6 | ||
| Ayad, 2021 | 1 Feb to October 2020 | 1 Feb to October 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Egypt | Africa | International Cardiac Center hospital | Pandemic (81.5); Control (85.7) | Pandemic (57.1); Control (58.9) | 6 | ||
| Bhatt, 2020 | 1 Jan 2019 to 31 March 2020 | Mar-20 | Mar-19 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | Mass General Brigham health system | Pandemic (55.4); Control (57.8) | Pandemic (70.3); Control (71.1) | 6 | |
| Daoulah, 2021 | 1 January to 30 April 2020 | 1 January to 30 April 2018−2019 | Retrospective cohort | Saudi Arabia | Asia | 16 centres | 2018 (89.8); 2019 (84.9); 2020 (90.8) | 2018 (56.7); 2019 (56.5); 2020 (55.4) | 6 | ||
| Desai, 2020 | Mar-20 | March 2017−2019 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | Stroke center | 6 | ||||
| Diegoli, 2020 | After 17 March 2020 | 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Brazil | South America | Joinville Stroke Registry | 6 | ||||
| Gitt, 2020 | 1 March to 21 April 2020 | 1 March to 21 April 2017−2019 | Retrospective cohort | Germany | Europe | Heart Center Ludwigshafen | 6 | ||||
| Hammad, 2020 | 1 Jan to 15 April 2020 | After 23 March 2020 | Before 23 March 2020 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | Integrated 18-hospital system | Pandemic (49); Pre-pandemic (67) | Pandemic (66); Pre-pandemic (61.8) | 6 | |
| Kerleroux, 2020 | 15 Feb to 30 March 2020 | 15 Feb to 30 March 2019 | Prospective cohort | France | Europe | 32 stroke centres | Pandemic (51.2); Control (58.4) | Pandemic (70.6); Control (71.8) | 7 | ||
| Montaner, 2020 | Before and after 31 March 2020 | Before and after 31 March 2019 | Prospective cohort | Spain | Europe | Stroke units | 7 | ||||
| Neves Briard, 2020 | 30 March to 31 May 2020 | 30 March to 31 May 2019 | Prospective cohort | Canada | North America | Stroke center | Pandemic (48); Control (51) | Pandemic (69.4); Control (72.1) | 8 | ||
| Pop, 2020 | 1−31 March 2020 | 1−31 March 2019 | Retrospective cohort | France | Europe | 3 Stroke units | Pandemic (65.5); Control (64) | 6 | |||
| Popovic, 2020 | 26 Feb to 10 May 2020 | 2008−2017 | Prospective cohort | France | Europe | University Hospital of Nancy | Pandemic (56.3); Control (76.1) | Pandemic (62.6); Control (59.6) | 7 | ||
| Range, 2020 | 15 Jan 2019 to 14 April 2020 | 15 March to 14 April 2020 | Before 15 March 2020 | Prospective cohort | France | Europe | France PCI registry | Pandemic (70.5); Control (76.1) | Pandemic (62.9); Control (63.6) | 7 | |
| Reinstadler, 2020 | 24 Feb (week 9) to 5 April 2020 (week 14) | Retrospective cohort | Austria | Europe | 7 tertiary care hospitals | 73 | 61 | 5 | |||
| Sarfo, 2020 | January to June 2020 | January to June 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Ghana | Africa | Komfo Anokye Hospital | Pandemic (57.1); Control (53.4) | Pandemic (60.6); Control (59.7) | 7 | ||
| Teo, 2020 | 23 Jan to 24 March 2020 | 23 Jan to 24 March 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Hong Kong | Asia | Queen Mary Hospital | Pandemic (43.8); Control (50.6) | Pandemic (70.1); Control (73.6) | 6 | ||
| Toner, 2020 | 16 March to 15 April 2020 | 16 March to 15 April 2014−2019 | Prospective cohort | Australia | Oceania | Tertiary hospital | Pandemic (65.0); Control (71.6) | Pandemic (68.1); Control (65.0) | 7 | ||
| Abdelaziz, 2020 | 1−31 March 2020 | 1−31 March 2019 | Retrospective cohort | UK | Europe | Tertiary cardiac center | Pandemic (69.6); Control (76.8) | Pandemic (63.2); Control (66.6) | 6 | ||
| Agarwal, 2020 | 01 June 2019 to 15 May 2020 | 1 March 2020 to 15 May 2020 | 1 June 2019 to 29 Feb 2020 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | Langone Health Stroke Center | Pandemic (49.2); Pre-pandemic (54.7) | Pandemic (68); Pre-pandemic (72) | 6 | |
| Burgos, 2020 | Feb to March 2020 | Feb to March 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Argentina | South America | Cardiology center | 6 | ||||
| Aldujeli, 2020 | 11 March to 20 April 2020 | 11 March to 20 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Lithuania | Europe | Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics | NSTEMI: Pandemic (73); Control (60)/STEMI: Pandemic (72); Control (65) | NSTEMI: Pandemic (70); Control (69.5)/STEMI: Pandemic (67); Control (68.5) | 6 | ||
| Andersson, 2020 | 1 Jan to 11 March 2020/12–31 Mar 2020 | 1 Jan to 11 March 2019/12–31 Mar 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Denmark | Europe | Danish Nationwide Patient Registry | Pandemic: New-onset HF (61−62); Worsening HF (69−72)/Control: New-onset HF (62); Worsening HF (66−67) | Pandemic: New-onset HF (73.3−74.8); Worsening HF (74.0−75.2)/Control: New-onset HF (73.4−74.3); Worsening HF (75.2−75.3) | 7 | ||
| Ball, 2020 | 28 Oct 2019 to 10 May 2020 | 28 Oct 2019 to 10 May 2018−2019 | Cross-sectional study | UK | Europe | 9 Hospitals | 6 | ||||
| Boeddinghaus, 2020 | March to April 2020 | Jan to Feb 2020 | March to April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Switzerland | Europe | Tertiary University Hospital | Pandemic (77.5); Pre-pandemic (76.8) | Pandemic (66); Pre-pandemic (68) | 6 | |
| Bromage, 2020 | 2 March to 19 April 2020 | 2 March to 19 April 2017−2019 | Retrospective cohort | UK | Europe | King’s College Hospital | Pandemic (54); Control (58) | Pandemic (73); Control (71) | 6 | ||
| Bryndza, 2021 | March to April 2020 | March to April 2020 | Retrospective cohort | Poland | Europe | Cardiology center | 6 | ||||
| Cammalleri, 2020 | 1−31 March 2020 | Mar-19 | Retrospective cohort | Italy | Europe | Cardiology Department | Pandemic (85); Control (87) | Pandemic (65); Control (62) | 6 | ||
| Candelaresi, 2021 | 9 March to 12 April 2020 | 2 Feb to 8 March 2020 | Same period in 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Italy | Europe | 5 Campania stroke hubs | 6 | |||
| Chew, 2021 | 7 Feb to 31 March 2020 | 1 October 2019 to 6 Feb 2020 | Retrospective cohort | Singapore | Asia | National University Hospital Singapore | Pandemic (56.8); Pre-pandemic (64.4) | Pandemic (59); Pre-pandemic (57) | 7 | ||
| Choudhary, 2020 | 25 March to 24 April 2020 | 25 Feb to 24 March 2020 | 25 Jan to 24 Feb 2020 | Retrospective cohort | India | Asia | 4 Tertiary regional Eds | 6 | |||
| Çinier, 2020 | 5 March to 6 April 2020 | 5 March to 6 April 2020 | Retrospective cohort | Turkey | Europe | Dr. Siyami Ersek Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Training and Research Hospital | Pandemic (81.1); Control (85.6) | Pandemic (59.3); Control (63.7) | 7 | ||
| Colivicchi, 2020 | 20 Feb to 20 April 2020 | 20 Feb to 20 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Italy | Europe | San Filippo Neri Hospital | Pandemic (79); Control (57) | Pandemic (78); Control (73) | 7 | ||
| Cummings, 2020 | March to April 2020 | March 2019 to Feb 2020 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | Telestroke registry at Medical University of South Carolina | Pandemic (44); Control (46.9) | Pandemic (69); Control (67) | 6 | ||
| Del Pinto, 2020 | 1 January to 31 March 2020 | 1 January to 31 March 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Italy | Europe | 5 Hospitals in L'Aquila | 6 | ||||
| Enache, 2020 | First 3 months of 2020 | First 3 months of 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Monaco | Europe | Cardiology Departments | 6 | ||||
| Erol, 2020 | 17 April to 2 May 2020 | 1−15 November 2018 | Prospective cohort | Turkey | Europe | Registries | Pandemic (76.2); Control (73.7) | Pandemic (60); Control (62) | 8 | ||
| Frisullo, 2020 | 11 March to 11 April 2020 | 11 March to 11 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Italy | Europe | ED of Policlinico A. Gemelli Hospital | Pandemic (59.6); Control (46.3) | Pandemic (71.6); Control (73.7) | 6 | ||
| Giannouchos, 2021 | 1 Jan to 31 Aug 2020 | 1 Jan to 31 Aug 2019 | Cross-sectional study | USA | North America | University of Utah Healthcare Systems | 6 | ||||
| Hoyer, 2020 | Weeks 1−15 2020 | Weeks 1−15 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Germany | Europe | 4 stroke centers | 6 | ||||
| Hsiao, 2020 | Weeks 11−15 2020 | Weeks 1−10 2020 | mid-March to mid-April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | 30 Healthcare facilities | 6 | |||
| JF Huang, 2020 | 11 March to 9 April 2020 | 10 Feb to 10 March 2020 | Cross-sectional study | USA | North America | Mayo Clinic telestroke network | 6 | ||||
| Ikenberg, 2020 | 1 Jan to 19 April 2020 | 21 March to 19 April 2020 | 1 Jan to 20 March 2020 | Retrospective cohort | Germany | Europe | Bavarian Comprehensive Stroke Center | 6 | |||
| Jasne, 2020 | 1 Jan to 28 April 2020 | 1 Jan to 28 April 2019 | Cross-sectional study | USA | North America | 3 Connecticut hospitals | 49.7 | 70 | 6 | ||
| John, 2020 | 1 March to 10 May 2020 | 1 March to 10 May 2019 | Retrospective cohort | UAE | Asia | Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi | Pandemic - Ischemic stroke (72.3); hemorrhagic stroke (66.7); Control - Ischemic stroke (67.9); hemorrhagic stroke (80.8) | Pandemic - Ischemic stroke (57.5); hemorrhagic stroke (48.9); Control - Ischemic stroke (58.4); hemorrhagic stroke (49.3) | 6 | ||
| Kobo, 2020 | 20 March to 30 April 2020 | 20 March to 30 April 2019 | Prospective cohort | Israel | Asia | 4 Cardiac centers | Pandemic (84.1); Control (81.5) | Pandemic (63); Control (61) | 8 | ||
| Kuitunen, 2020 | 1 February to 30 April 2020 | 6 weeks after 16 March 2020 | 6 weeks before 16 March 2020 | Corresponding period in 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Finland | Europe | 3 Emergency Departments | 6 | ||
| Lauridsen, 2020 | 12 March to 13 May 2020 | 12 March to 13 May 2015−2019 | Retrospective cohort | Denmark | Europe | Danish Civil Population Registry | Pandemic (71); Control (75) | Pandemic (69); Control (70) | 7 | ||
| Little, 2020 | 1 March to 30 April 2020 | 1 March to 30 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | UK | Europe | 7 Heart Attack Centres | Pandemic (80); Control (78) | Pandemic (63); Control (63) | 6 | ||
| Nagamine, 2020 | March to April 2020 | March to April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | Stroke center | Pandemic (75); Control (61) | Pandemic (65.3); Control (69) | 6 | ||
| Mitra, 2020 | 26 March to 23 April 2020 | 26 March to 23 April 2019 | Cross-sectional study | Australia | Oceania | Tertiary cardiology and neurosciences centre | Pandemic (67.3); Control (84.2) | Pandemic (71.1); Control (74.7) | 6 | ||
| Nguyen-Huynh, 2020 | 15 March to 9 May 2020 | 1 Jan 2019 to 14 March 2020 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | Kaiser Permanente Northern California | Pandemic (47.9); Pre-pandemic (47.1) | Pandemic (69); Pre-pandemic (68.8) | 7 | ||
| Oseran, 2020 | 1 March to 30 April 2020 | 1 Jan to 29 Feb 2020 | 1 March to 30 April 2019/1 Jan to 28 Feb 2019 | Cross-sectional study | USA | North America | 8 Acute care hospitals | 6 | |||
| Paliwal, 2020 | November 2019 to April 2020 | 7 Feb to 30 April 2020 | 1 Nov 2019 to 7 Feb 2020 | Retrospective cohort | Singapore | Asia | Stroke center | Pandemic (57); Pre-pandemic (20) | Pandemic (64.6); Pre-pandemic (65.6) | 6 | |
| Papafaklis, 2020 | 2 March to 12 April 2020 | 2 March to 12 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Greece | Europe | Public hospitals | Pandemic (79.1); Control (76.2) | Pandemic (64.3); Control (64) | 6 | ||
| Piuhola, 2020 | Mar-20 | Jan to Feb 2020 | January to Feb 2017−2019 | Retrospective cohort | Finland | Europe | 5 Tertiary centers | 6 | |||
| Rashid Hons, 2020 | 1 Feb to 14 May 2020 | 1 Feb to 14 May 2019 | Retrospective cohort | UK | Europe | Myocardial Ischaemia National Audit Project/British Cardiovascular Intervention Society | Pandemic (71.2); Control (79.5) | Pandemic (67.1); Control (63.1) | 7 | ||
| Richter, 2021 | 16 March to 15 May 2020 | 16 Jan to 15 March 2020 | 16 March to 15 May 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Germany | Europe | 1463 Hospitals | 6 | |||
| Rodríguez-Leor, 2020 | 16 March to 14 April 2020 | 1−30 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Spain | Europe | 75 STEMI care centers | Pandemic (78.4); Control (78.4) | Pandemic (63.1); Control (63.7) | 7 | ||
| Ruparelia, 2020 | After 20 March 2020 | Jan to Feb 2020 | Jan to March 2019 | Retrospective cohort | UK | Europe | 2 Large Hospitals | Pandemic (65.3); Control (68.9) | Pandemic (75.4); Control (73.2) | 6 | |
| Schirmer, 2020 | Feb to March 2020 | Feb to March 2019 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | 12 Stroke centers | Pandemic (67); Control (70) | 6 | |||
| Seiffert, 2020 | 1 Jan 2019 to 31 May 2020 | Jan to May 2020 | Jan to May 2019 | Retrospective cohort | Germany | Europe | Insurance Claims Data | 6 | |||
| Sharma, 2020 | 30 Dec 2019 to 19 April 2020 | 31 Dec 2018 to 21 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | 5 Tertiary stroke centers | 6 | ||||
| Siegler, 2020 | 1 March 2020 to 15 April 2020 | 1 October 2019 to 29 Feb 2020 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | Stroke center | Pandemic (57); Control (59) | Pandemic (68); Control (68) | 7 | ||
| Tejada Meza, 2020 | 30 Dec 2019 to 3 May 2020 | After 14 March 2020 | Before 14 March 2020 | Retrospective cohort | Spain | Europe | Tertiary hospitals of the NORDICTUS network | 6 | |||
| Uchino, 2020 | 9 March to 2 April 2020 | 1 Jan to 8 March 2020 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | 19 Emergency departments | 6 | ||||
| Vensentini, 2020 | March to April 2020 | March to April 2010−2019 | Prospective cohort | Argentina | South America | 6 Cardiovascular Intensive Care Units | 7 | ||||
| Wadhera, 2021 | 18 March to June 2020 | 1 Jan to 17 March 2020 | Jan to June 2019 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | National Center for Health Statistics | 6 | |||
| J Wang, 2020 | 12 March to 30 June 2020 | 1 Dec 2019 to 11 Mar 2020 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | Inova Fairfax Medical Campus | Pandemic (53.3); Pre-pandemic (51.9) | Pandemic (73); Pre-pandemic (70) | 6 | ||
| Yang, 2020 | 23 Jan to 7 March 2020 | 1 December 2019 to 14 Jan 2020 | Retrospective cohort | China | Asia | Stroke center | Pandemic (71.4); Pre-pandemic (64.7) | Pandemic (62.3); Pre-pandemic (65.2) | 6 | ||
| Zhao, 2020 | Feb-20 | Feb-19 | Retrospective cohort | China | Asia | Big Data Observatory Platform for Stroke of China & 280 stroke centers | 6 | ||||
| Cox, 2020 | 22 March to 20 April 2020 | 22 March to 20 April 2019 | Retrospective cohort | USA | North America | Vanderbilt University Medical Center | 6 |