Table 1.

Sample characteristics according to country (Portugal and Spain, n = 3157).

	Portugal (n = 1638)		Spain (n = 1519)		p-value country differencesa
Variable	n/mean	%/SD	n/mean	%/SD
Sociodemographic and housing characteristics
Gender
Female	1229	75.1	1125	74.1	0.012
Male	407	24.9	386	25.4
Other	0	0.0	8	0.5
Age group
≤24 y	406	24.8	78	5.1	<0.001
25–39 y	558	34.1	518	34.1
40–64 y	638	38.9	827	54.4
≥65y	36	2.2	96	6.3
Education attainment
Primary or no education	23	1.4	22	1.4	<0.001
Secondary	379	23.1	153	10.1
Tertiary (university degree)	1236	75.5	1344	88.5
Household size (no. inhabitants)	4.5	2.0	3.4	1.7	<0.001
Dependents in the household
Yes, children	473	28.9	525	34.6	<0.001
Yes, elderly	113	6.9	52	3.4	<0.001
Yes, person(s) with physical/mental disabilities	23	1.4	18	1.2	0.699
Yes, other type of dependent person	55	3.4	20	1.3	<0.001
No	982	60.0	850	56.0	0.023
Housing typology
Rural single-family house	413	25.2	135	8.9	<0.001
Urban single-family house	314	19.2	240	15.8
Apartment	869	53.1	970	63.9
Top-floor apartment	33	2.0	171	11.3
Other	9	0.5	3	0.2
House area
<45 sq. m	52	3.8	60	4.0	<0.001
46–75 sq. m	155	11.2	370	24.7
76–105 sq. m	297	21.5	489	32.6
106–150 sq. m	305	22.0	285	19.0
151–200 sq. m	194	14.0	129	8.6
More than 200 sq. m	381	27.5	167	11.1
Individual monthly disposable income before the lockdown
<600 euros	158	9.6	95	6.3	<0.001
600–1199 euros	578	35.3	266	17.5
1200–1999 euros	378	23.1	535	35.2
2000–2999 euros	167	10.2	390	25.7
3000–4999 euros	33	2.0	126	8.3
5000 euros or more	12	0.7	14	0.9
Country of birth
Native	1466	89.5	1326	87.3	0.137
Other European country	75	4.6	89	5.9
Non-European country	97	5.9	104	6.8
Lockdown related variables
Income change during the lockdown
Severely reduced	200	14.2	191	13.2	0.394
Moderately reduced	238	16.9	224	15.5
Remained the same	958	68.0	1023	70.7
Increased	13	0.9	9	0.6
Type of housing during the lockdown
Main home	1506	92.0	1432	94.3	0.002
Second-home	61	3.7	23	1.5
Family/friends home	66	4.0	59	3.9
Other	4	0.2	4	0.3
Lockdown duration (days)	32.8	10.9	14.1	8.7	<0.001
Outside activities during the lockdown
Obtaining essential goods and services (e.g. food, medicines, healthcare)	1373	83.8	1306	86.0	0.101
Going to work	396	24.2	159	10.5	<0.001
Assisting vulnerable people (e.g. elderly, disabled)	270	16.5	123	8.1	<0.001
Walk the companion animal	248	15.1	163	10.7	<0.001
Walk and exercise	787	48.0	–	–	–
Take out the garbage	1008	61.5	1020	67.1	0.001
Never went out	67	4.1	119	7.8	<0.001
Other	5	0.3	8	0.5	0.489
Frequency of leaving the house
Less than once a week or never	432	26.4	102	7.9	<0.001
1–2 times a week	601	36.7	729	56.3
3–6 times a week	297	18.1	252	19.5
Once a day	233	14.2	120	9.3
Several times a day	75	4.6	91	7.0
Mental health outcomes
Psychological distress	2.9	2.0	2.7	1.9	<0.001
Perceived stress	5.8	2.1	5.1	2.3	<0.001
Somatization	15.0	5.2	13.6	4.2	<0.001

^aChi-squared test (or Fisher’s exact test) was used for categorical variables, while for continuous variables we used T-test, Mann-Whitney test or Wilcoxon-test, according to variable type and distribution.