Table 3.
Crude and adjusted associations (beta and 95% Confidence Intervals) between mental health outcomes and maintenance/increase in nature exposure during COVID-19 lockdown (Portugal and Spain, n = 3157).
| Psychological distress |
Somatization |
Stress level |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Portugal |
Spain |
Portugal |
Spain |
Portugal |
Spain |
|||||||
| Nature exposure | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted | Crude | Adjusted |
| Indoor Plants | −0.35 (−0.72, 0.01) |
−0.36 (−0.72, 0.00) |
−0.18 (−0.52, 0.16) |
−0.35 (−0.72, 0.03) |
0.04 (−0.89, 0.98) |
0.13 (−0.76, 1.02) |
−0.41 (−1.16, 0.34) |
−0.70 (−1.48, 0.09) |
−0.28 (−0.67, 0.11) |
−0.29 (−0.66, 0.10) |
−0.30 (−0.72, 0.11) |
−0.52 (−0.96, −0.07)* |
| Balcony plants | −0.25 (−0.66, 0.16) |
−0.22 (−0.61, 0.19) |
0.18 (−0.19, 0.54) |
0.01 (−0.41, 0.42) |
0.74 (−0.31, 1.78) |
0.79 (−0.22, 1.79) |
0.30 (−0.52, 1.11) |
0.03 (−0.85, 0.92) |
−0.13 (−0.57, 0.30) |
−0.14 (−0.57, 0.28) |
0.27 (−0.17, 0.72) |
−0.07 (−0.57, 0.43) |
| Home/courtyard garden | 0.02 (−0.45, 0.48) |
0.08 (−0.39, 0.54) |
0.27 (−0.18, 0.71) |
0.33 (−0.18, 0.84) |
0.57 (−0.62, 1.76) |
0.62 (−0.53, 1.78) |
0.11 (−0.89, 1.11) |
0.32 (−0.78, 1.42) |
0.01 (−0.48, 0.51) |
−0.01 (−0.51, 0.48) |
0.60 (0.05, 1.15) |
0.55 (−0.07, 1.17) |
| Community private green space | −0.29 (−0.63, 0.05) |
−0.23 (−0.56, 0.11) |
−0.10 (−0.43, 0.22) |
−0.28 (−0.65, 0.09) |
−0.50 (−1.36, 0.37) |
−0.37 (−1.20, 0.46) |
−0.40 (−1.13, 0.34) |
−0.82 (−1.61, −0.03)* |
−0.31 (−0.67, 0.05) |
−0.26 (−0.61, 0.10) |
0.35 (−0.05, 0.76) |
0.17 (−0.28, 0.61) |
| Views of nature |
−0.36 (−0.60, −0.12)* |
−0.27 (−0.51, −0.03)* |
0.12 (−0.17, 0.41) |
0.16 (−0.15, 0.46) |
−1.15 (−1.76, −0.53)* |
−0.79 (−1.39, −0.20)* |
−0.05 (−0.69, 0.59) |
−0.25 (−0.90, 0.41) |
−0.61 (−0.87, −0.35)* |
−0.48 (−0.74, −0.23)* |
0.13 (−0.22, 0.48) |
0.21 (−0.16, 0.58) |
| Public natural spaces |
−0.23 (−0.42, −0.04)* |
−0.15 (−0.34, 0.05) |
−0.09 (−0.29, 0.11) |
0.02 (−0.20, 0.24) |
−0.78 (−1.28, −0.28)* |
−0.43 (−0.92, 0.06) |
−0.79 (−1.24, −0.34)* |
−0.44 (−0.91, 0.04) |
−0.43 (−0.64, −0.23)* |
−0.29 (−0.49, −0.08)* |
−0.39 (−0.64, −0.15)* |
−0.13 (−0.40, 0.14) |
| Other natural space/element | −0.17 (−0.54, 0.19) |
−0.17 (−0.53, 0.19) |
0.00 (−0.31, 0.31) |
−0.08 (−0.42, 0.26) |
−0.75 (−1.68, 0.18) |
−0.58 (−1.48, 0.31) |
−0.78 (−1.48, −0.08)* |
−1.06 (−1.79, −0.32)* |
−0.13 (−0.52, 0.26) |
−0.13 (−0.51, 0.25) |
0.07 (−0.31, 0.46) |
0.12 (−0.29, 0.54) |
Adjusted models included mental health outcomes and change in exposure (maintenance/increase in nature exposure), plus the following covariates: age, gender, household size and dependents in the household, education attainment, house typology, country of birth, frequency of going out during the lockdown, outside activities during the lockdown, duration of the lockdown, and type of housing during the lockdown.
Bold and asterisk denotes significant association.