Table 1.
Description of CANDLE participants.
| Characteristic | Valid IQ assessment at Age 4–6 (N = 974) | Valid Bayley-III language assessment at Age 3 (N =898) | At least one assessment (N = enrolled (N = 1015) | CANDLE mothers ever enrolled (N = 1503) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| N | %/mean (SD) | N | %/mean (SD) | N | %/mean (SD) | N | %/mean (SD) | |
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| Child characteristics | ||||||||
| Child age at visit (yrs) 1 | 974 | 4.4 (0.5) | 898 | 3.1 (0.1) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Child sex 1 | ||||||||
| Male | 482 | 49.5% | 437 | 48.70% | 501 | 49.4% | 736 | 49.0% |
| Female | 492 | 50.5% | 461 | 51.30% | 514 | 50.6% | 726 | 48.3% |
| Missing | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 41 | 2.7% |
| Child’s birth order 1 | ||||||||
| Not first-born | 584 | 60.0% | 547 | 60.90% | 609 | 60.0% | 881 | 58.6% |
| First-born | 390 | 40.0% | 351 | 39.10% | 406 | 40.0% | 622 | 41.4% |
| Missing | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
| Birth weight (kg) | 973 | 3.3 (0.5) | 898 | 3.3 (0.5) | 1014 | 3.3 (0.5) | 1454 | 3.2 (0.6) |
| Pre-term delivery (<37 wks) | ||||||||
| No | 906 | 93% | 837 | 93.20% | 945 | 93.1% | 1323 | 88.0% |
| Yes | 68 | 7% | 61 | 6.80% | 70 | 6.9% | 133 | 8.9% |
| Missing | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 47 | 3.1% |
| Maternal characteristics | ||||||||
| Maternal age at birth (years) 1 | 974 | 26.8 (5.6) | 898 | 27 (5.5) | 1015 | 26.7 (5.5) | 1462 | 26.4 (5.5) |
| Maternal race 1 | ||||||||
| Black | 608 | 62.4% | 548 | 61.0% | 630 | 62.1% | 936 | 62.3% |
| White | 301 | 30.9% | 296 | 33.0% | 320 | 31.5% | 467 | 31.1% |
| Asian | 9 | 0.9% | 9 | 1.0% | 9 | 0.9% | 13 | 0.9% |
| American Indian | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.1% |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 1 | 0.1% |
| Other | 3 | 0.3% | 3 | 0.3% | 3 | 0.3% | 6 | 0.4% |
| Multiple race | 53 | 5.4% | 42 | 4.7% | 53 | 5.2% | 77 | 5.1% |
| Missing | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 0.1% |
| Maternal education at enrollment 1 | ||||||||
| High School/GED or less | 556 | 57.1% | 487 | 54.2% | 575 | 56.7% | 893 | 59.4% |
| College Degree/Technical School | 297 | 30.5% | 293 | 32.6% | 317 | 31.2% | 437 | 29.1% |
| Grad/Professional Degree | 120 | 12.3% | 117 | 13.0% | 122 | 12.0% | 171 | 11.4% |
| Missing | 1 | 0.1% | 1 | 0.1% | 1 | 0.1% | 2 | 0.1% |
| Maternal marital status at enrollment 1 | ||||||||
| Married | 385 | 39.5% | 379 | 42.2% | 403 | 39.7% | 563 | 37.5% |
| Living with partner | 164 | 16.8% | 151 | 16.8% | 170 | 16.8% | 285 | 19.0% |
| Widowed/Divorced/Separated/Never Married | 424 | 43.5% | 367 | 40.9% | 441 | 43.5% | 654 | 43.5% |
| Missing | 1 | 0.1% | 1 | 0.1% | 1 | 0.1% | 1 | 0.1% |
| Insurance status at enrollment 1 | ||||||||
| No insurance | 2 | 0.2% | 1 | 0.1% | 2 | 0.2% | 2 | 0.1% |
| Medicaid or Medicare only | 537 | 55.1% | 481 | 53.6% | 559 | 55.1% | 859 | 57.2% |
| Medicaid/Medicare and private insurance | 32 | 3.3% | 24 | 2.7% | 34 | 3.4% | 42 | 2.8% |
| Private insurance only | 403 | 41.4% | 392 | 43.7% | 420 | 41.4% | 600 | 39.9% |
| Missing | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% |
| Enrollment household income | ||||||||
| $0–$19,999 | 320 | 32.9% | 279 | 31.1% | 331 | 32.6% | 499 | 33.2% |
| $20,000–$44,999 | 238 | 24.4% | 225 | 25.1% | 251 | 24.7% | 361 | 24.0% |
| $45,000–$74,999 | 188 | 19.3% | 183 | 20.4% | 198 | 19.5% | 274 | 18.2% |
| $75,000 or over | 156 | 16.0% | 154 | 17.2% | 162 | 16.0% | 234 | 15.6% |
| Missing | 72 | 7.4% | 57 | 6.4% | 73 | 7.2% | 135 | 9.0% |
| Adjusted household income 1 | 969 | 18717.7 (17101.0) | 894 | 19650.8 (17258.7) | 1010 | 18794.6 (17060.3) | 1365 | 18864.5 (17229.4) |
| Prenatal maternal smoking 1 | ||||||||
| No | 887 | 91.1% | 820 | 91.3% | 925 | 91.1% | 1351 | 89.9% |
| Yes | 86 | 8.8% | 77 | 8.6% | 89 | 8.8% | 151 | 10.1% |
| Missing | 1 | 0.1% | 1 | 0.1% | 1 | 0.1% | 1 | 0.1% |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI class 1 | ||||||||
| Underweight | 42 | 4.3% | 38 | 4.2% | 45 | 4.4% | 66 | 4.4% |
| Normal | 378 | 38.8% | 352 | 39.2% | 399 | 39.3% | 633 | 42.1% |
| Overweight | 231 | 23.7% | 211 | 23.5% | 241 | 23.7% | 354 | 23.6% |
| Obese | 320 | 32.9% | 294 | 32.7% | 327 | 32.2% | 445 | 29.6% |
| Missing | 3 | 0.3% | 3 | 0.3% | 3 | 0.3% | 5 | 0.3% |
| Breastfeeding 1 | ||||||||
| No | 337 | 34.6% | 281 | 31.3% | 344 | 33.9% | 401 | 26.7% |
| Yes | 631 | 64.8% | 611 | 68.0% | 665 | 65.5% | 747 | 49.7% |
| Missing | 6 | 0.6% | 6 | 0.7% | 6 | 0.6% | 355 | 23.6% |
| Maternal IQ 1 | 967 | 95.2 (16.4) | 896 | 96.2 (16.4) | 1008 | 95.4 (16.4) | 1281 | 95.4 (16.3) |
| BSI global symptom t-score 1 | 968 | 46.9 (10.6) | 852 | 46.6 (10.4) | 968 | 46.9 (10.6) | 1055 | 46.6 (10.6) |
| Knowledge of Infant Development total score 1 | 973 | 0.7 (0.1) | 897 | 0.7 (0.1) | 1014 | 0.7 (0.1) | 1362 | 0.7 (0.2) |
| Other characteristics | ||||||||
| HOME subscale scores | ||||||||
| Learning materials | 737 | 8.0 (1.3) | 713 | 8.0 (1.3) | 766 | 8.0 (1.3) | 921 | 8.0 (1.3) |
| Variety of experience | 761 | 4.1 (1.0) | 736 | 4.1 (1.0) | 792 | 4.1 (1.0) | 925 | 4.1 (1.0) |
| Parental involvement | 738 | 5.3 (1.0) | 712 | 5.3 (1.0) | 767 | 5.3 (1.0) | 951 | 5.3 (1.0) |
| Childhood Opportunity Index in census tract | ||||||||
| Educational index1 | 910 | 0.01 (0.4) | 828 | 0.03 (0.4) | 938 | 0.01 (0.4) | 1046 | 0.02 (0.5) |
| Health index1 | 910 | 0.03 (0.6) | 828 | 0.05 (0.6) | 938 | 0.03 (0.6) | 1046 | 0.01 (0.4) |
| Economic index1 | 910 | 0.02 (0.4) | 828 | 0.04 (0.4) | 938 | 0.02 (0.4) | 1046 | −0.05 (0.6) |
BMI – Body Mass Index; BSI – Brief Symptom Index; CANDLE – Conditions Affecting Neurocognitive Development and Learning in Early Childhood; GED – General Education Development; HOME – Home Observational Measure of Environment; IQ – Intelligence Quotient; SD – Standard Deviation.
1
Included as covariates in main adjustment model (Model 2).