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. 2021 Feb 28;181(2):273–284. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab027

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

Deoxycholic acid (DCA) induces tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) release in macrophage. A and B, Tnfa mRNA levels induced by free bile acids and taurine-conjugated bile acids in macrophage. C, Dose-dependency of DCA-induced TNF-α protein release at 20, 50, and 100 µM in macrophage. D, Time course of Tnfa mRNA levels after treating with 100 µM of DCA for 1, 2, 4, and 8 h. E, Time course of DCA (100 µM)-induced TNF-α release at 1, 2, 4, and 8 h in macrophage. G and H, Cell viabilities treated with free bile acids and taurine-conjugated bile acids in macrophage. I, DCA at 50–200 µM per se did not directly potentiate acetaminophen toxicity in LO2 cells (n = 6 per group). Data are presented as means ± SEM. #p < .05, ##p < .01, and ###p < .005 compared with the control group. Abbreviation: LPS, lipopolysaccharides. Full name of abbreviated bile acids were same as Figure 4.