Table 2.
Resistance Genes Identified in the Included Studies.
| Resistance Type | Target Pathogen | Number of Studies | Examples of Resistance Genes Identified |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antibacterial | E. coli | 7 | blaCTX-M, blaACT, arnA, integrons class 1 and 2, qnrS1, tetA, tetB, sul2, blaSHV, blaTEM |
| Staphylococcus spp. | 8 | spa types t064, t037, SCCmec types I and IV, mecA, aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2′’)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(4′)-Ia, blaZ, mecA, vanA, vanB1 | |
| Streptococcus spp. | 3 | dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), folA and folP genes, | |
| Salmonella spp. | 2 | blaTEM-1,cmlA, tetA, qnrS, sul1, dhfrI, dhfrVII | |
| Mycobacterium spp. | 5 | Mutation gyrA Genotype Uganda I and II has Thr80Ala (acc/gcc), rpoB gene mutations | |
| Klebsiella spp. | 1 | blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM | |
| Enterococcus spp. | 1 | EBC, FOX, ACC, CIT, DHA, MOX | |
| Antimalarial |
Plasmodium
falciparum |
55 | Pfmdr1 N86Y, Y184F and D1246Y, Pfpm2, PfKelch13, plasmepsin2 gene, pfcrt 76T, Pfdhfr, Pfdhps |
| Antiviral | Hepatitis C virus | 1 | g4 and g7 strains contain nonstructural (ns) protein 3 and 5A polymorphisms associated with resistance to DAAs |
| Hepatitis B virus | 1 | rtM204V/I mutations | |
| HIV | 1 | Thymidine analog mutations, M184V |