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. 2020 Nov 12;11(48):12888–12917. doi: 10.1039/d0sc04082g

Examples of metallodrug-induced cell death pathways and identification methods.

M Complex Pathway Method Ref.
Ru NKP1339 (Ru9) ICD Calreticulin cell surface expression (flow cytometry), HMGB1 release to extracellular space (ELISA) 195
Pt Oxaliplatin (Pt3) ICD HMGB1 release to extracellular space (ELISA) 196
Calreticulin surface expression (flow cytometry), HMGB1 motility (western blot) 197
Fe Dinitrosyl Fe complex (Fe3†) Apoptosis Annexin-V/PI apoptosis assay (FACS) 198
PARP, caspases 3 and 9 (immunohistochemistry) from in vivo tumour tissue
Cu Cu-TSC (Cu2†) Apoptosis Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection, caspase-3 assay, caspases 8 and 9 (qPCR) 199
Ru RAPTA-C (Ru12) Apoptosis Cytochrome c release, procaspase-9 (western blot) 200
Annexin-V/PI apoptosis assay (FACS)
Pd [Pd(bipy)(O,O′-dkt)]+ (Pd2†) Apoptosis Annexin-V/PI apoptosis assay (FACS), mitochondrial membrane potential using JC-1 dye (FACS) 201
Os FY26 (Os4) Apoptosis FlowCellect Cytochrome c Kit (FACS) 202
MitoCapture Apoptosis Detection Kit (confocal)
Ir Ir-TEMPO1 (Ir10†) Apoptosis Mitochondrial membrane potential using JC-10 dye (FACS) 203
Pt Cisplatin (Pt1) Apoptosis Annexin-V/PI staining (FACS), mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1), caspase-3 204
Pt Carboplatin (Pt2) Apoptosis Cytochrome c release, PARP cleavage/caspases (western blot) 205
Au [Au(L2b)PPh3] (Au3†) Apoptosis Mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-3 activity (FACS) 206
Mn Adpa-Mn (Mn1†) Apoptosis and ACD PARP-cleavage/LC-3/ATG7 expression (western blot) 207
Annexin-V/PI apoptosis assay (FACS)
As As2O3 (As3† in aqueous solution) ACD MEK/ERK pathways (autophagy inhibitor studies, western blot) 208
Pt Mono-Pt (Pt16†) ACD Anti-LC3 antibody (immunohistochemistry) 209
Ru [(p-Cym)Ru(TsEn)Cl] (Ru11†) Necrosis Annexin-V/PI assay (FACS) 103
Ru Cyclometallated Ru Necroptosis p-RIPK1/p-RIPK3 expression (western blot) 210