TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of females by tertiles (range) of dietary energy density
| T1 (n = 44) | T2 (n = 44) | T3 (n = 44) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics1 | (0.85–1.36) | (1.37–1.60) | (1.61–2.66) | P value | Overall |
| Age, y (mean ± SD) | 29.7 ± 3.2 | 29.8 ± 2.7 | 29.9 ± 3.7 | 0.92 | 29.8 ± 3.2 |
| Race, n (%) | 0.004 | ||||
| White | 28 (21.2) | 38 (28.8) | 39 (29.6) | 105 (79.6) | |
| African American | 3 (2.3) | 1 (0.8) | 3 (2.3) | 7 (5.3) | |
| Asian | 12 (9.1) | 2 (1.5) | 2 (1.5) | 16 (12.1) | |
| Other/unknown | 1 (0.8) | 3 (2.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (3.0) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.08 | ||||
| <College degree | 5 (3.8) | 1 (0.8) | 9 (6.8) | 15 (11.4) | |
| College degree | 15 (11.4) | 19 (14.4) | 18 (13.6) | 52 (39.4) | |
| Graduate degree | 24 (18.2) | 24 (18.2) | 17 (12.9) | 65 (49.2) | |
| Income,2 n (%) | 0.36 | ||||
| <$60,000 | 15 (11.6) | 7 (5.4) | 13 (10.1) | 35 (27.1) | |
| $60,000–$99,999 | 11 (8.5) | 16 (12.4) | 14 (10.9) | 41 (31.8) | |
| ≥$100,000 | 16 (12.4) | 20 (15.5) | 17 (13.2) | 53 (41.1) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.69 | ||||
| Never | 37 (28.0) | 34 (25.8) | 33 (25.0) | 104 (78.8) | |
| Past use | 7 (5.3) | 10 (7.6) | 10 (7.6) | 27 (20.5) | |
| Current use | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | |
| Alcohol use, n (%) | 0.30 | ||||
| No | 12 (9.1) | 7 (5.3) | 7 (5.3) | 26 (19.7) | |
| Yes | 32 (24.2) | 37 (28.0) | 37 (28.0) | 106 (80.3) | |
| Activity score (PA), n (%) | 0.43 | ||||
| Inactive | 9 (6.8) | 14 (10.6) | 10 (7.6) | 33 (25) | |
| Active | 35 (26.5) | 30 (22.7) | 34 (25.8) | 99 (75) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 24.0 ± 5.4 | 24.4 ± 5.4 | 24.6 ± 5.4 | 0.86 | 24.3 ± 5.4 |
| Pregnancy outcomes | |||||
| Attempts,3 mean/cycle ± SD | 5.7 ± 3.3 | 7.9 ± 5.5 | 6.2 ± 3.4 | 0.04 | 6.6 ± 4.3 |
| Pregnancy, n (% yes) | 26 (19.7) | 32 (24.2) | 22 (16.7) | 0.09 | 80 (60.6) |
| TTC, mo, mean ± SD | 3.3 ± 2.6 | 3.1 ± 2.1 | 3.8 ± 2.8 | 0.37 | 3.4 ± 2.5 |
| Live birth, n (% yes) | 23 (17.4) | 27 (20.5) | 19 (14.5) | 0.23 | 69 (52.3) |
| Dietary intake, mean ± SD | |||||
| Energy, kcal | 1461 ± 381 | 1755 ± 384 | 1963 ± 523 | <0.0001 | 1726 ± 478 |
| Protein, % kcal | 16.5 ± 4.0 | 16.0 ± 3.2 | 15.9 ± 3.9 | 0.65 | 16.1 ± 3.7 |
| Animal, g/1000 kcal | 24.0 ± 11.0 | 23.7 ± 8.2 | 24.4 ± 9.6 | 0.83 | 24.3 ± 9.6 |
| Vegetable, g/1000 kcal | 17.6 ± 4.3 | 16.5 ± 3.7 | 14.5 ± 3.5 | 0.001 | 16.2 ± 4.0 |
| Carbohydrate, % kcal | 55.2 ± 7.7 | 50.5 ± 6.5 | 48.6 ± 7.6 | <0.0001 | 51.4 ± 7.7 |
| Fat, % kcal | 26.9 ± 5.8 | 30.9 ± 5.4 | 33.3 ± 5.7 | <0.0001 | 30.4 ± 6.2 |
| Trans fat, g/1000 kcal | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | <0.0001 | 1.3 ± 0.7 |
| Fiber, g/1000 kcal | 15.1 ± 5.1 | 13.0 ± 4.9 | 10.2 ± 4.0 | <0.0001 | 12.8 ± 5.1 |
| Male energy density | 1.5 ± 0.3 | 1.7 ± 0.4 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 | 1.7 ± 0.4 |
1
Values are mean ± SD for continuous variables or n (%) for categorical variables; n = 132 for most variables.
2
3 participants reported unknown incomes.
3
9 participants did not report pregnancy attempts.
PA, physical activity; TTC, time to conception of a clinical pregnancy in months.