Figure 5.

Galactose decreases NAD(P) levels in HepG2 cells. Metabolite level of selected redox couples in HepG2 cells cultured in glucose or galactose medium for 4-5 weeks. Represented metabolites include NAD⁺ (A), NADH (B), NADP⁺ (D), NADPH (E), GSSG (G), and GSH (H). The redox ratio (oxidized/reduced) represents the redox poise for each couple NAD⁺/NADH (C), NADP⁺/NADPH (F), and GSSG/GSH (I). ^#Indicates statistically significant differences between cells cultured with galactose compared with glucose (Unpaired t-test, P < 0.05, n = 4, average ± SEM).