Table 1.
Differentially expressed metabolic genes in HepG2 cells cultured with galactose
| Biological Process | Gene Symbol | Description | Fold Change | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Galactose metabolism | GALTGALM | Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferaseGalactose mutarotase (aldose 1-epimerase) | 1.61.3 | 0.0010.033 |
| Hexose Transport | SLC2A1 | Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1 | −2.0 | 5.00E−05 |
| SLC2A2 | Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 2 | 1.5 | 0.036 | |
| SLC2A3 | Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 3 | −2.0 | 5.00E−0.5 | |
| SLC2A4 | Solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 4 | 1.5 | 0.002 | |
| Glycolysis | ALDOB | Aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphate | 8.5 | 5.00E−0.5 |
| Mitochondrial Pyruvate Carriers | MPC1 | Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 1 | 1.3 | 0.012 |
| MPC2 | Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 | 1.3 | 0.043 | |
| Gluconeogenesis | PCK1 | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (soluble) | 11 | 5.00E−05 |
| TCA Cycle | IDH1 | Isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble | 1.2 | 0.020 |
| IDH2 | Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (NADP+), mitochondrial | 1.3 | 0.004 | |
| SUCLG2 | Succinate-CoA ligase, GDP-forming, beta subunit | 1.3 | 0.005 | |
| MDH1 | Malate dehydrogenase 1, NAD (soluble) | 1.2 | 0.023 | |
| Pentose Phosphate Pathway | G6PD | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | −1.3 | 0.010 |
| RPIA | Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase A | −1.2 | 0.026 | |
| TKT | Transketolase | −1.2 | 0.028 | |
| Amino Acid Metabolism | HMGCS1 | 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 (soluble) | 1.2 | 0.008 |
| MUT | Methylmalonyl Coa mutase | 1.3 | 0.002 | |
| HIBADH | 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase | 1.2 | 0.034 | |
| SHMT2 | Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 | −1.3 | 0.004 | |
| AOX1 | Aldehyde oxidase 1 | 1.7 | 0.002 | |
| ALDH1A1 | Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1 | 1.3 | 0.006 | |
| ALDH1B1 | Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member B1 | 1.2 | 0.012 | |
| PAH | Phenylalanine hydroxylase | 1.4 | 0.008 | |
| TAT | Tyrosine aminotransferase | 1.4 | 0.034 | |
| HPD | 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | 1.9 | 5.00E−05 | |
| AGXT | Alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase | 3.2 | 5.00E−05 | |
| KYNU | Kynureninase | 1.5 | 5.00E−05 | |
| ARG1 | Arginase 1 | 5.4 | 0.002 | |
| HAL | Histidine ammonia-lyase | 3 | 0.002 |
A P value cutoff ≤ 0.05, q-value cutoff ≤ 1 with |FC| ≥ 1 was used to determine differential expression (n = 3). Complete list of genes analyzed for differential expression and additional details of analysis are included in Supplemental Table S1.