Table 1.
Effect of metformin on cellular processes
| Cellular Process | Activated or Inhibited by Metformin | Selected References |
|---|---|---|
| AMPK | Activation | Kajiwara et al. (8) |
| AMP:ATP | Activation | El-Mir et al. (9) Rena et al. (10) |
| Autophagy | Activation/inhibition* | Bharath et al. (11) Wang et al. (12) |
| Apoptosis | Activation/inhibition* | Wang et al. (12) |
| Cyclins | Inhibition | Saraei et al. (6) |
| HER2 oncoprotein | Inhibition | Saraei et al. (6) |
| Mitochondrial complex 1 | Inhibition | El-Mir et al. (9) Fontaine (13) |
| mTOR | Inhibition | Dewaele et al. (14) Li et al. (15) |
| ROS | Inhibition/activation* | Kelly et al. (16) Kajiwara et al. (8) |
*Cell/tissue-specific effects are reported.
AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; BNIP3, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; LC3, light chain protein 3; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1; p62, protein 62/sequestosome 1.