Table 1.

Effect of metformin on cellular processes

Cellular Process	Activated or Inhibited by Metformin	Selected References
AMPK	Activation	Kajiwara et al. (8)
AMP:ATP	Activation	El-Mir et al. (9) Rena et al. (10)
Autophagy	Activation/inhibition*	Bharath et al. (11) Wang et al. (12)
Apoptosis	Activation/inhibition*	Wang et al. (12)
Cyclins	Inhibition	Saraei et al. (6)
HER2 oncoprotein	Inhibition	Saraei et al. (6)
Mitochondrial complex 1	Inhibition	El-Mir et al. (9) Fontaine (13)
mTOR	Inhibition	Dewaele et al. (14) Li et al. (15)
ROS	Inhibition/activation*	Kelly et al. (16) Kajiwara et al. (8)

*Cell/tissue-specific effects are reported.

AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; BNIP3, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19 kDa interacting protein 3; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; LC3, light chain protein 3; mTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin; PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1; p62, protein 62/sequestosome 1.