Figure 3.

Comparison of extracellular vesicles (EV) treatment outcomes in chronic myocardial ischemia using a porcine model with or without metabolic syndrome. A: flow diagram of swine model development with or without metabolic syndrome, followed by induction of chronic myocardial ischemia and EV treatment. B: table comparing the signaling, angiogenic, and functional effects of EV injection in ischemic hearts of swine with or without metabolic syndrome. C: schematic of signaling events following EV injection in ischemic hearts with and without metabolic syndrome. AKT, protein kinase B; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase; ATP, adenosine 5′-triphosphate; ERK1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinases ½; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MSC-EVs, mesenchymal-stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species.