Figure 4.

Schemes of currently available extracellular vesicles (EV) bioengineering methods. Modes of modification before EV isolation (pre-EV isolation) include display technology, where tetraspanins are conjugated with a protein of interest, which are subsequently incorporated onto the membrane of budding EVs. In addition, genetic modification by viral vectors using transfection/transduction method provides an opportunity to overexpress or silence proteins of interest. Post-EV isolation methods include simple co-incubation and electroporation. Liposomal fusion is an emerging method to engineer incorporation of both soluble and membrane components with EVs. Created with BioRender.com and published with permission.