Table 1.
Pathophysiological processes involved in cardiac remodeling in the ischemic heart
| Processes | Ischemic Heart | Pathophysiology | Outcome | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy metabolism (9–11) | Fatty acid oxidation | Reduced | Low ATP and high acidosis | Apoptosis |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | Reduced | |||
| Glycolysis | Increased | |||
| Ion homeostasis (12–16) | H+ | Increased | Mitochondrial dysfunction | Necrosis Excitation-contraction uncoupling Hypertrophy |
| Na+ | Increased | |||
| Ca2+ | Increased | |||
| Immune response (17–23) | DAMPs | Increased | ROS, MMP, and cytokine release | Necrosis Fibrosis |
| Leukocyte infiltration | Increased | |||
| Redox regulation (20, 23–29) | Mitochondrial ETC ROS | Increased | DNA damage Lipid peroxidation MMP upregulation |
Apoptosis Necrosis Fibrosis |
| Fenton reaction | Increased | |||
| Nox | Increased |
DAMPs, danger-associated molecular patterns; ETC, electron transport chain; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NOX, NADPH oxidase; ROS, reactive oxygen species.