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. 2021 May 28;11:11308. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-90931-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative 1D ¹H NMR spectrum recorded on serum metabolite extracts of wild bighorn sheep on MSU’s 600 MHz NMR spectrometer. Panel (A) depicts the full ¹H spectrum, spanning the ¹H chemical shift region of ~ 0.0–10 ppm with select metabolites identified and quantified using Chenomx, and with several metabolite signals (lactate, glucose) off scale to render smaller signals visible. Panels (B–E) represent expanded regions of the full 1D ¹H spectrum with (B) depicting the ~ 0.6–1.6 ppm; (C) ~ 1.9–4.1 ppm; (D) ~ 6.8–8.5 ppm; and (E) the ~ 5.3–6.1 ppm ¹H chemical shift (δ, ppm) spectral regions, with signals from select metabolites labeled. DSS denotes the reference compound, sodium trimethylsilylpropanesulfonate.