Table 3.
Average alcohol intake and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in strata of attained education among 234,392 participants in Norwegian health surveys.
|
Average alcohol intake (grams/day) |
Interaction | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) of incident AF |
<2 g/day (n = 92,243) |
2 - <12 g/day (n = 122,468) |
12 - <24 g/day (n = 16,700) |
≥24 g/day (n = 2,981) |
Per 12 g/day (n = 234,392) |
Per 12 g/day * education HR (95% CI), p-value |
|
| Age and sex model | |||||||
| Primary education | 1.00 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.13) | 1.10 (0.85, 1.41) | 1.18 (0.73, 1.91) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | Referent category | |
| Secondary education | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) | 1.21 (1.04, 1.41) | 1.25 (0.93, 1.69) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.18) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.19), p = 0.379 | |
| Tertiary education | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 1.09 (0.87, 1.35) | 1.39 (0.98, 1.98) | 1.07 (0.97, 1.18) | 1.02 (0.89, 1.17) p = 0.786 | |
| Multivariable model | |||||||
| Primary education | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.96, 1.19) | 1.14 (0.88, 1.48) | 1.15 (0.71, 1.88) | 1.09 (0.98, 1.20) | Referent category | |
| Secondary education | 1.00 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | 1.22 (1.05, 1.42) | 1.21 (0.89, 1.63) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.17), p = 0.513 | |
| Tertiary education | 1.00 | 1.03 (0.89, 1.20) | 1.07 (0.85, 1.33) | 1.29 (0.90, 1.85) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.16) | 1.00 (0.87, 1.15), p = 0.987 | |
Abbreviations: AF, atrial fibrillation; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval. Average alcohol intake is presented as grams per day (g/day). HR with 95% CI are derived from Cox models. The Age and sex model was adjusted for age and sex only. The multivariable model was adjusted for age, sex, marital status, smoking, physical activity, body mass index, resting heart rate, total cholesterol concentration, triglyceride concentration, diabetes, family history of coronary heart disease, and history of cardiovascular disease. The number of individuals with primary, secondary, and tertiary education was 46,632, 118,210, and 69,559, respectively. Interaction by attained education was tested to explore if the association between alcohol intake and risk of AF differed for higher educated relative to those with primary education. Test of interaction is presented as HR (95%CI) and p-values for the interaction term of average alcohol intake (per 12 g/day) and attained educational level (in three categories with primary education as reference category).