Table 3. Risk factors associated with less severe types of violence against women and children during coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, Germany, April–May 2020.

Risk factors	Odds ratio (95% CI)a
	Women (n = 3638)						Children (n = 1416)
	Verbal conflict	Physical conflict	Emotional abuse				Corporal punishment
			Threatened	Confined	Controlled
Related to pandemic
Under home quarantine	1.10 (0.89 to 1.35)	2.38 (1.56 to 3.61)	1.43 (0.95 to 2.16)	2.80 (1.70 to 4.60)	2.52 (1.79 to 3.54)		1.31 (0.79 to 2.16)
Financial worries	0.95 (0.76 to 1.18)	1.60 (0.98 to 2.61)	1.58 (1.01 to 2.46)	1.29 (0.74 to 2.25)	1.22 (0.83 to 1.80)		0.81 (0.46 to 1.40)
Newly unemployed or reduced work	1.12 (0.90 to 1.38)	2.07 (1.23 to 3.49)	1.17 (0.70 to 1.95)	0.92 (0.49 to 1.73)	1.17 (0.75 to 1.81)		1.54 (0.86 to 2.76)
Partner newly unemployed or reduced work	1.18 (0.96 to 1.44)	1.07 (0.66 to 1.73)	1.02 (0.66 to 1.60)	1.25 (0.69 to 2.25)	0.84 (0.55 to 1.29)		0.98 (0.55 to 1.73)
With poor mental health	1.97 (1.60 to 2.43)	3.41 (2.12 to 5.50)	2.97 (1.91 to 4.62)	1.98 (1.16 to 3.39)	1.46 (1.00 to 2.13)		2.07 (1.17 to 3.64)
Partner with poor mental healthb	2.17 (1.76 to 2.68)	2.23 (1.36 to 3.65)	3.82 (2.45 to 5.96)	4.12 (2.38 to 7.12)	2.82 (1.95 to 4.08)		2.71 (1.54 to 4.76)
Hours spent on child carec	1.07 (1.02 to 1.12)	1.01 (0.91 to 1.13)	1.06 (0.96 to 1.17)	0.96 (0.83 to 1.10)	1.00 (0.92 to 1.10)		0.97 (0.89 to 1.06)
With children < 10 yearsd	1.44 (1.08 to 1.93)	2.48 (1.32 to 4.64)	1.47 (0.79 to 2.76)	2.23 (0.99 to 5.01)	1.84 (1.04 to 3.25)		5.31 (2.16 to 13.03)
With children ≥ 10 yearsd	0.94 (0.73 to 1.22)	1.36 (0.75 to 2.48)	1.22 (0.72 to 2.06)	1.01 (0.54 to 1.90)	1.13 (0.72 to 1.77)		1.0 (–)
General
Age (years)c	0.97 (0.96 to 0.98)	0.97 (0.95 to 0.99)	0.98 (0.96 to 1.00)	0.99 (0.97 to 1.01)	0.98 (0.96 to 1.00)		0.99 (0.96 to 1.02)
Education
Middle school or less	1.0 (–)	1.0 (–)	1.0 (–)	1.0 (–)	1.0 (–)		1.0 (–)
Lower secondary	1.18 (0.95 to 1.47)	1.25 (0.72 to 2.15)	0.91 (0.56 to 1.47)	1.28 (0.70 to 2.33)	1.01 (0.68 to 1.52)		1.93 (1.02 to 3.68)
Higher secondary or more	1.45 (1.15 to 1.82)	0.97 (0.54 to 1.75)	0.69 (0.42 to 1.15)	0.77 (0.40 to 1.50)	0.63 (0.40 to 1.00)		2.08 (1.06 to 4.05)
Household income (net) before pandemic (€)
< 2000	1.0 (–)	1.0 (–)	1.0 (–)	1.0 (–)	1.0 (–)		1.0 (–)
2000–4000	0.96 (0.76 to 1.21)	0.66 (0.40 to 1.10)	0.90 (0.56 to 1.47)	0.49 (0.27 to 0.89)	0.71 (0.47 to 1.08)		0.51 (0.29 to 0.89)
> 4000	0.99 (0.75 to 1.32)	0.21 (0.08 to 0.55)	0.61 (0.30 to 1.26)	0.50 (0.22 to 1.14)	0.42 (0.23 to 0.77)		0.37 (0.18 to 0.76)
Prefer not to say	0.86 (0.63 to 1.17)	0.58 (0.25 to 1.34)	0.61 (0.27 to 1.38)	0.15 (0.04 to 0.64)	0.35 (0.16 to 0.75)		0.47 (0.18 to 1.21)
Employed (Feb 2020)	1.17 (0.92 to 1.48)	0.77 (0.40 to 1.49)	0.80 (0.45 to 1.41)	0.66 (0.34 to 1.30)	1.18 (0.74 to 1.88)		0.89 (0.44 to 1.81)
Partner employed (Feb 2020)	0.77 (0.61 to 0.97)	0.71 (0.40 to 1.25)	0.70 (0.42 to 1.15)	1.32 (0.65 to 2.70)	0.58 (0.38 to 0.89)		1.15 (0.49 to 2.71)
Other factors
Employed as key worker	1.06 (0.88 to 1.29)	2.35 (1.45 to 3.82)	1.74 (1.11 to 2.73)	1.75 (1.00 to 3.07)	1.36 (0.93 to 1.99)		1.12 (0.68 to 1.86)
No. members of householdc	0.98 (0.87 to 1.11)	0.88 (0.68 to 1.15)	0.97 (0.77 to 1.23)	1.04 (0.79 to 1.36)	1.15 (0.96 to 1.39)		1.16 (0.92 to 1.46)
Cohabitating	1.31 (0.96 to 1.79)	1.39 (0.69 to 2.82)	1.04 (0.55 to 1.98)	1.15 (0.51 to 2.58)	0.69 (0.40 to 1.19)		0.95 (0.35 to 2.63)

CI: confidence interval; €: euros.

^a Standard errors are heteroskedasticity robust.

^b We only had complete data on partner’s mental health for 3638 of the respondents. We substituted missing values by multiple imputation via chained equations,⁴² based on responses to other questions related to depression and anxiety.

^c Continuous risk variables, for which the increased risk relates to one additional unit.

^d Compared to households with no children.