Table 3.
Weighted analysis of characteristics of compliers, intermediates, and non-compliers based on the percentage of energy from Tier 4 foods and “other foods” and beverages among Canadian children 2–18 years
| Characteristics | Compliers (Q1) | Intermediates (Q2) | Intermediates (Q3) | Non-compliers (Q4) | p-Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 10.9% Energy | 10.9 -20.8% Energy | 20.9 -32.9% Energy | > 32.9% Energy | ||
| Mean (SEM) | Mean (SEM) | Mean (SEM) | Mean (SEM) | ||
| Age (years) | 10.1 (0.21) | 10.2 (0.23) | 10.7 (0.22) | 11.0 (0.21) | 0.0108 |
| Sex (%) | |||||
| Males | 47.4 (2) | 50.1 (2) | 53 (2) | 46.2 (2) | 0.9499 |
| Females | 52.6 (2) | 49.9 (2) | 47 (2) | 53.8 (2) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 20 (0.21) | 20.1 (0.19) | 19.9 (0.20) | 20.1 (0.24) | 0.9563 |
| Misreporting | |||||
| Under-reporter (%) | 32.8 (2) | 25 (2) | 23.3 (2) | 19.8 (2) | |
| Over-reporters (%) | 10.9 (1) | 15.2 (1) | 16.4 (1) | 19.5 (2) | <.0001 |
| Physical Activity (%) | |||||
| Sedentary | 27.3 (2) | 28.4 (2) | 29.6 (2) | 28.2 (2) | 0.6587 |
| Low Activity | 40.3 (2) | 41.6 (3) | 43.1 (3) | 41.4 (3) | |
| Very Active | 6.6 (1) | 6.3 (1) | 5.9 (1) | 6.3 (1) | |
Results are presented as mean (SEM: standard error of the mean) adjusted for age and sex. Quartiles are based on the percentage of energy reported for all Tier 4 foods and “other” foods and beverages classified according to lower and upper thresholds for nutrients of public health concern: sodium, saturated fats, total fats and sugars. Lower thresholds: total fat: ≤ 3 g/RA, sugars: ≤ 6 g/RA and sodium: ≤ 140 mg/RA [8]. Upper thresholds: total fat: > 10 g/RA, sugars: > 19 g/RA, sodium: > 360 mg/RA, and saturated fats: > 2 g/RA [8]. Tier 1 foods do not exceed lower thresholds for total fat, sugar and sodium. Tier 2 may exceed one or two lower thresholds but no upper thresholds. Tier 3 Vegetable and Fruit, and Grain Products: exceeds all lower threshold and no upper thresholds, or only one upper threshold. Tier 3 Milk and Alternatives, and Meat and Alternatives: exceeds all lower threshold and no upper thresholds, or only one upper threshold for total fat, sugars, or sodium. Tier 4 Vegetable and Fruit, and Grain Products: exceeds two upper thresholds. Tier 4 Milk and Alternatives, and Meat and Alternatives: exceeds upper thresholds for total fat, sugars, or sodium [8]. Tier 4 and “other foods” have no Canada’s food guide serving size recommendation. Compliers (Q1) are identified as the lowest 25% of the population with reported intakes from Tier 4 and “other” foods and beverages. Individuals categorized as “Intermediates” (Q2 and Q3) are those with intakes in the interquartile range. Non-compliers (Q4) represent 25% of the population with the highest intakes from Tier 4 and “other” foods. Physical activity in the 2015 CCHS was measured according to WHO guidelines (different from CCHS 2004) for children 6 to 17 years. Physical activity was defined as “activity that increases their heart rate and makes them feel out of breath some of the time” [11]. Physical activity in the 2015 CCHS measured the frequency of moderate to vigorous physical activity aimed to compare to WHO guidelines