Table 4.
Weighted analysis of nutrient intakes by compliers, intermediates, and non-compliers based on the percentage of energy consumed from Tier 4 and “other foods” and beverages among Canadian children adjusted for age, sex and misreporting status (under-reporter, plausible reporter, and over-reporters)
| Nutrients | Compliers (Q1) | Intermediates (Q2) | Intermediates (Q3) | Non-compliers (Q4) | p-Trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 10.9% Energy | 10.9 -20.8% Energy | 20.9 -32.9% Energy | > 32.9% Energy | ||
| Mean (SEM) | Mean (SEM) | Mean (SEM) | Mean (SEM) | ||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1762 (32.3) | 1978 (41.6) | 1914 (32.6) | 2040 (40.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Fat (% Energy) | 28.6 (0.4) | 30.9 (0.4) | 31.4 (0.4) | 32.7 (0.4) | < 0.0001 |
| Saturated fat (% Energy) | 9.7 (0.2) | 11.1 (0.2) | 11.4 (0.2) | 11.6 (0.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Monounsaturated fat (% Energy) | 10.5 (0.2) | 10.9 (0.2) | 11.1 (0.2) | 11.7 (0.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Polyunsaturated fat (% Energy) | 5.7 (0.1) | 6.0 (0.1) | 6.0 (0.1) | 6.6 (0.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Carbohydrates (% Energy) | 54.1 (0.5) | 53.1 (0.5) | 53.9 (0.4) | 54.0 (0.4) | 0.4137 |
| Protein (% Energy) | 17.3 (0.2) | 16.0 (0.2) | 14.7 (0.2) | 13.0 (0.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Alcohol (% Energy) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.0676 |
| Dietary fibre (g/1000 kcal) | 10.2 (0.2) | 9.0 (0.2) | 8.4 (0.2) | 7.1 (0.2) | < 0.0001 |
| Vitamin A (RE/1000 kcal) | 398.1 (26.0) | 352.1 (11.1) | 326.3 (10.3) | 285.9 (9.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Vitamin D (RE/1000 kcal) | 3.6 (0.2) | 3.1 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.1) | 2.6 (0.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Thiamin (mg/1000 kcal) | 1.0 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.0) | 0.7 (0.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Niacin (mg/1000 kcal) | 20.8 (0.3) | 18.7 (0.3) | 17.9 (0.2) | 15.8 (0.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Riboflavin (mg/1000 kcal) | 1.1 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.0) | 1.0 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Vitamin B6 (ug/1000 kcal) | 0.9 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.0) | 0.7 (0.0) | 0.7 (0.0) | < 0.0001 |
| Folate (ug/1000 kcal) | 112.2 (2.9) | 103.2 (2.3) | 90.7 (1.8) | 74.3 (1.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Vitamin B12 (ug/1000 kcal) | 2.6 (0.3) | 2.2 (0.1) | 1.9 (0.1) | 1.7 (0.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal) | 68.7 (3.0) | 67.4 (2.5) | 67.2 (2.6) | 56.2 (2.2) | 0.0064 |
| Calcium (mg/1000 kcal) | 560.6 (10.9) | 552.4 (9.0) | 495.2 (9.4) | 430.7 (10.5) | < 0.0001 |
| Phosphorus (mg/1000 kcal) | 772.9 (10.1) | 714.1 (7.2) | 659.4 (7.1) | 598.6 (8.9) | < 0.0001 |
| Potassium (mg/ 1000 kcal) | 1528.4 (20.4) | 1387.6 (15.7) | 1270.6 (16.3) | 1094.1 (14.3) | < 0.0001 |
| Sodium (mg/ 1000 kcal) | 1431.8 (23.5) | 1423.0 (18.1) | 1459.1 (20.8) | 1375.5 (20.9) | 0.0509 |
| Magnesium (mg/ 1000 kcal) | 165.2 (2.3) | 149.8 (1.5) | 138.6 (1.7) | 120.3 (1.7) | < 0.0001 |
| Iron (mg/ 1000 kcal) | 7.2 (0.1) | 6.8 (0.1) | 6.8 (0.1) | 6.1 (0.1) | < 0.0001 |
| Zinc (mg/ 1000 kcal) | 5.7 (0.1) | 5.3 (0.1) | 4.8 (0.1) | 4.2 (0.1) | < 0.0001 |
Results are presented as mean (SEM: standard error of the mean). Quartiles are based on the percentage of energy reported for all Tier 4 foods and “other” foods and beverages classified according to lower and upper thresholds for nutrients of public health concern: sodium, saturated fats, total fats and sugars. Lower thresholds: total fat: ≤ 3 g/RA, sugars: ≤ 6 g/RA and sodium: ≤ 140 mg/RA [8]. Upper thresholds: total fat: > 10 g/RA, sugars: > 19 g/RA, sodium: > 360 mg/RA, and saturated fats: > 2 g/RA [8]. Tier 1 foods do not exceed lower thresholds for total fat, sugar and sodium. Tier 2 may exceed one or two lower thresholds but no upper thresholds. Tier 3 Vegetable and Fruit, and Grain Products: exceeds all lower threshold and no upper thresholds, or only one upper threshold. Tier 3 Milk and Alternatives, and Meat and Alternatives: exceeds all lower threshold and no upper thresholds, or only one upper threshold for total fat, sugars, or sodium. Tier 4 Vegetable and Fruit, and Grain Products: exceeds two upper thresholds. Tier 4 Milk and Alternatives, and Meat and Alternatives: exceeds upper thresholds for total fat, sugars, or sodium [8]. Tier 4 and “other foods” have no Canada’s food guide serving size recommendation. Compliers (Q1) are identified as the lowest 25% of the population with reported intakes from Tier 4 and “other” foods and beverages. Individuals categorized as “Intermediates” (Q2 and Q3) are those with intakes in the interquartile range. Non-compliers (Q4) represent 25% of the population with the highest intakes from Tier 4 and “other” foods