Table 1.
Baseline characteristics by WHtR categories
| Variable | Low-WHtR (N = 378) |
High-WHtR (N = 1663) |
All (N = 2041) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yrs) | 74.32 ± 11.90 | 77.15 ± 11.27 | 76.63 ± 11.44 | < 0.001† |
| Male (%) | 358 (94.71) | 1598 (96.10) | 1956 (95.84) | 0.225 |
| Smoking (%) | 129 (34.13) | 636 (38.52) | 765 (37.70) | 0.112 |
| Alcohol (%) | 114 (30.16) | 533 (32.19) | 647 (31.81) | 0.445 |
| WC (cm) | 80.20 ± 5.29 | 94.57 ± 7.17 | 91.91 ± 8.85 | < 0.001† |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.40 ± 3.21 | 24.92 ± 2.89 | 24.45 ± 3.11 | < 0.001† |
| SBP (mmHg) | 129.78 ± 17.27 | 134.12 ± 16.90 | 133.32 ± 17.05 | < 0.001† |
| DBP (mmHg) | 70.64 ± 9.97 | 71.07 ± 10.10 | 70.99 ± 10.08 | 0.459 |
| HR (bpm) | 71.96 ± 10.63 | 72.03 ± 10.81 | 72.02 ± 10.77 | 0.912 |
| FG (mmol/L) | 5.70 ± 1.78 | 5.83 ± 1.69 | 5.80 ± 1.67 | 0.174 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | 90.03 ± 23.13 | 88.99 ± 25.04 | 89.18 ± 24.70 | 0.461 |
| NT-proBNP (pg/mL) | 373.15 (240.68–474.20) | 494.60 (244.00–644.8) | 390.30 (343.00–537.50) | 0.016† |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| IVS (mm) | 11.09 ± 1.10 | 12.46 ± 1.32 | 12.20 ± 1.29 | < 0.001† |
| LVPWT (mm) | 9.78 ± 0.93 | 10.17 ± 0.95 | 10.10 ± 0.96 | < 0.001† |
| LVEDD (mm) | 52.29 ± 3.10 | 54.25 ± 3.32 | 53.89 ± 3.30 | < 0.001† |
| LVESD (mm) | 39.85 ± 2.61 | 40.83 ± 3.07 | 40.65 ± 3.02 | < 0.001† |
| LAD (mm) | 34.34 ± 3.75 | 36.74 ± 4.09 | 36.30 ± 4.13 | < 0.001† |
| LVESV (mL) | 40.98 ± 8.71 | 44.24 ± 10.35 | 43.64 ± 10.14 | < 0.001† |
| LVEDV (mL) | 109.49 ± 16.53 | 115.51 ± 18.92 | 114.39 ± 18.64 | < 0.001† |
| LVEF (%) | 62.54 ± 4.29 | 61.53 ± 4.83 | 61.72 ± 4.75 | < 0.001† |
| TR velocity (m/s) | 3.24 ± 1.79 | 3.42 ± 0.36 | 3.39 ± 0.83 | 0.017† |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 119.36 ± 17.53 | 135.74 ± 19.74 | 122.65 ± 19.42 | < 0.001† |
| RWT | 0.426 ± 0.042 | 0.434 ± 0.0419 | 0.428 ± 0.042 | 0.001† |
| Medication (%) | ||||
| ACEI/ARB | 90 (23.81) | 634 (38.12) | 724 (35.47) | < 0.001† |
| Beta blocker | 79 (20.90) | 502 (30.19) | 581 (28.47) | < 0.001† |
| Diuretic | 33 (8.73) | 212 (12.79) | 245 (12.00) | 0.030† |
| Statins | 232 (61.38) | 1055 (63.44) | 1287 (63.06) | 0.453 |
| Number of comorbidities | 1.91 ± 1.45 | 2.49 ± 1.45 | 2.38 ± 1.46 | < 0.001† |
| 0–2 | 271 (71.69) | 874 (52.56) | 1145 (56.10) | < 0.001† |
| 3–4 | 83 (21.96) | 638 (38.36) | 721 (35.33) | < 0.001† |
| ≥ 5 | 24 (6.35) | 151 (9.08) | 175 (8.57) | < 0.001† |
| Medical history (%) | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 38 (10.05) | 256 (15.39) | 294 (14.40) | 0.004† |
| Ischemic heart disease | 15 (3.97) | 127 (7.64) | 142 (6.96) | 0.005† |
| Hypertension | 183 (48.41) | 1170 (70.35) | 1353 (66.29) | < 0.001† |
| Diabetes | 102 (26.98) | 598 (35.96) | 700 (34.30) | < 0.001† |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or as percentages
WHtR, indicates waist to height ratio; WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; FG, fasting glucose; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide; IVS, interventricular septal thickness; LVPWT, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVEDD, left ventricular end diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end systolic diameter; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVESV, left ventricular end systolic volume; LVEDV, left ventricular end diastolic volume; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; TR, tricuspid regurgitation; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; RWT, relative wall thickness; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor antagonist
Pairwise comparisons: †significant for high-WHtR versus low-WHtR