Table 2.
Levels of biochemical, haematological, and urine biomarkers variation in positive patients with severe disease on a normalised scale of patients.
| Biomarker | COVID-19 positive patients' samplesa | COVID-19 severe patients' samplesb |
|---|---|---|
| Hematocrit | Low | Low |
| Haemoglobin | Low | Low |
| Platelets | Low | Low |
| Mean platelet volume | Low | Low |
| Red blood Cells | Low | Low |
| Lymphocytes | Low | Low |
| Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | Low | Low |
| Leukocytes | High | High |
| Basophils | Normal | Normal |
| Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) | Normal | Low |
| Eosinophils | Low | Low |
| Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) | Low | Low |
| Monocytes | High | Normal |
| Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) | Low | Normal |
| Serum glucose | High | High |
| Neutrophils | Low | Low |
| Urea | Low | Low |
| C-reactive protein | High | High |
| Creatinine | High | High |
| Potassium | Low | Low |
| Sodium | Low | Low |
| Alanine transaminase | High | High |
| Aspartate transaminase | High | High |
| Gamma-glutamyltransferase | High | High |
| Total bilirubin | High | High |
| Direct bilirubin | High | High |
| Indirect bilirubin | High | High |
| Alkaline phosphatase | High | High |
| Ionised calcium | Low | Low |
| pCO2 (venous blood gas analysis) | High | High |
| Magnesium | Low | Low |
| Hb saturation (venous blood gas analysis) | Low | Low |
| Base excess (venous blood gas analysis) | Low | Low |
| pO2 (venous blood gas analysis) | Low | Low |
| Total CO2 (venous blood gas analysis) | High | High |
| pH (venous blood gas analysis) | Low | Low |
| HCO3 (venous blood gas analysis) | High | High |
| Rods | High | High |
| Segmented | Low | Low |
| Promyelocytes | Normal | – |
| Metamyelocytes | Normal | – |
| Myelocytes | Normal | – |
| Urine pH | Low | Low |
| Urine density | Normal | Low |
| Urine red blood cells | Normal | Normal |
| International normalised ratio (INR) | High | High |
| Lactate dehydrogenase | High | High |
| Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) | Normal | Low |
| Ferritin | High | High |
| Arterial lactic acid | High | High |
| Hb saturation (arterial blood gases) | Low | Low |
| pCO2 (arterial blood gas analysis) | High | High |
| Base excess (arterial blood gas analysis) | Low | Low |
| pH (arterial blood gas analysis) | Low | Low |
| Total CO2 (arterial blood gas analysis) | High | High |
| HCO3 (arterial blood gas analysis) | High | High |
| pO2 (arterial blood gas analysis) | Low | Low |
| Arterial FiO2 | Low | Low |
| Phosphorous | Low | – |
a
Diagnostic data.
b
Disease severity data.