. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 May 29.

Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2019 Oct 7;179(Pt A):108787. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108787

Table 3.

Studies (Author year) reporting association of toenail essential trace metals to supplements, foods or nutrients.

	Cobalt (Co)	Copper (Cu)		Iron (Fe)	Manganese (Mn)		Molybdenum (Mo)	Selenium (Se)			Vanadium (V)	Zinc (Zn)
	▲	▲	∅	▼	▲	∅	▲	▲	∅	▼	▲	▲	∅	▼
Oral supplements			Brockman 2009			Guthrie 2007,2008		Hunter 1990a Baskett 1995,1998, 2001 Ovaskainen 1993^a Garland 1995 Yoshizawa 1998 Morris 2001,2006 Satia 2006 Guthrie 2008 Brockman 2009 Żukowska 2009 Xun 2010a Park 2011^c Kristal 2014					Milunsky 1992 Gonzalez 2008 Brockman 2009

Total diet Estimation			Graham 1991		Ntihabose 2017	Laohaudomchok 2011 Ward 2017		Swanson 1990^b Longnecker 1991 1993, 1996 Van der Brandt 1993b Ovaskainen 1993^a Moms 2013	Hunter 1990a Morris 2006 Satia 2006 Kotsopoulos 2010 Vinceti 2015 Hashemian 2017			Gonzalez 2008	McKenzie 1979 Milunsky 1992 Graham 2001

*Individual foods/groups*

Breads (including cake, muffins & others)								Park 2011^c

White Rice										Park 2011^c

Vegetable intake									Hashemian 2017				Hashemian 2017	Gonzalez 2008

Fruit Intake									Hashemian 2017				Hashemian 2017

Tomato products									Yoshizawa 1998

Seafood									Rayman 2015^d				McKenzie 1979

Meat & poultry									Rayman 2015^d

Beef								Park 2011^c

Offal (Liver)

Eggs									Rayman 2015^d	Park 2011^c

Dairy products									Rayman 2015^d	Park 2011^c

Milk									Rayman 2015^d

Brazil nuts									Rayman 2015^d

Coffee										Virtanen 1996 Park 2011^c

Tea						Wongwit 2004

Alcohol consumption	Rakovic 1997	Garland 1996				Wongwit 2004	Rakovic 1997		Hunter 1990a Garland 1995 Ovaskainen 1993^a Van der Brandt 1993b Kardinaal 1997 Satia 2006	Van’t Veer 1996 Xun 2010a,b, 2011 Park 2011^c Colangelo 2014	Rakovic 1997	Park JS 2016	Martin Moreno 2003 Gonzalez 2008

*Nutrients*

Vitamin C								Xun 2010b

Vitamin E								Ovaskainen 1993^a Xun 2010b	Kardinaal 1997 Yoshizawa 1998

Zinc								Xun 2010b				Gonzalez 2008

Iron													Gonzalez 2008

Magnesium												Park JS 2016

Folic acid								Xun 2010b

Riboflavin												Bergomi 2005

Retinol												Bergomi 2005

β▼ carotene								Ovaskainen 1993^a Xun 2010b	Kardinaal 1997

Lycopene									Yoshizawa 1998

Calcium									Yoshizawa 1998

Fiber												Gonzalez 2008

Saturated fat									Yoshizawa 1998

Polyunsaturated fatty acids								Ovaskainen 1993^a

Cholesterol			Bergomi 2005									Bergomi 2005

Animal proteins				Bergomi 2005								Bergomi 2005	Gonzalez 2008

Total energy Intake								Van der Brandt 1993b		Ovaskainen 1993^a			Park JS 2016

*Others*

Dietary mercury								Ovaskainen 1993^a

▲ : Positive; ∅: No association; ▼: Negative.

Ovaskainen 1993 excluded 2 due to Se>1.0mg/kg

Estimated by analysis of duplicate-plate foods

131 items grouped into 21 categories were assesssed in the food frequency questionnaire but only those shown in this table were reported

Non significant after adjusment