Table 5.

Energy poverty and TFP: the channel of human capital

	Model (3SLS)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
	Dep. var
	TFP	TFP	TFP	TFP	TFP	TFP	TFPc	TFPc	TFPc	TFPc	TFPc	TFPc
Cap	−0.0003***	−0.0003***	−0.0003***	−0.0003***	−0.0003***	−0.0003***	−0.0005***	−0.0005***	−0.0005***	−0.0005***	−0.0005***	−0.0005***
	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]
HC	0.0294	0.0183	0.0289	0.0188	0.0208	0.0457**	0.5517***	0.4830***	0.5046***	0.4944***	0.5916***	0.5625***
	[0.0182]	[0.0167]	[0.0177]	[0.0172]	[0.0192]	[0.0186]	[0.0330]	[0.0287]	[0.0318]	[0.0296]	[0.0363]	[0.0341]
Trade	0.0002	0.0002	0.0003*	0.0002	0.0002	0.0002	0.0005*	0.0004*	0.0006**	0.0004	0.0004	0.0005
	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0003]	[0.0003]	[0.0003]	[0.0003]	[0.0003]	[0.0003]
FDI	−0.0002	−0.0005	−0.0006	−0.0004	0.0007	0.0005	−0.0040***	−0.0034***	−0.0053***	−0.0030**	−0.0032**	−0.0044***
	[0.0009]	[0.0009]	[0.0010]	[0.0009]	[0.0010]	[0.0009]	[0.0013]	[0.0013]	[0.0013]	[0.0013]	[0.0013]	[0.0013]
Constant	1.0622***	1.0693***	1.0596***	1.0688***	1.0633***	1.0508***	0.2607***	0.2940***	0.3052***	0.2860***	0.2423***	0.2626***
	[0.0174]	[0.0168]	[0.0177]	[0.0170]	[0.0179]	[0.0176]	[0.0307]	[0.0281]	[0.0309]	[0.0286]	[0.0327]	[0.0315]
N	675	717	681	717	630	630	675	717	681	717	630	630
R-squared	0.0985	0.0994	0.1002	0.0993	0.1097	0.0905	0.0418	0.1277	0.0368	0.1175	−0.0212	0.0161
	Dep. var
	HC	HC	HC	HC	HC	HC	HC	HC	HC	HC	HC	HC
Income	0.1388***	0.0906***	0.1360***	0.1387***	0.2047***	0.1411***	0.1754***	0.1344***	0.1627***	0.1750***	0.2035***	0.1660***
	[0.0116]	[0.0094]	[0.0087]	[0.0082]	[0.0072]	[0.0089]	[0.0091]	[0.0077]	[0.0068]	[0.0070]	[0.0071]	[0.0072]
Trade	−0.0002	−0.0000	0.0002	−0.0004*	−0.0004	−0.0005*	−0.0003	−0.0002	0.0001	−0.0005**	−0.0004	−0.0005*
	[0.0003]	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0003]	[0.0003]	[0.0003]	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0003]	[0.0003]
EP1	−0.0024***						−0.0013***
	[0.0003]						[0.0003]
EP2		−0.0047***						−0.0033***
		[0.0003]						[0.0003]
EP3			−0.0028***						−0.0020***
			[0.0002]						[0.0002]
EP4				−0.0049***						−0.0030***
				[0.0004]						[0.0003]
EP5					0.0003						0.0006***
					[0.0002]						[0.0001]
EP6						0.0033***						0.0023***
						[0.0003]						[0.0002]
Constant	−0.2191**	0.1748**	−0.2136***	−0.2482***	−0.8648***	−0.5239***	−0.5552***	−0.1989***	−0.4474***	−0.5572***	−0.8730***	−0.6648***
	[0.1042]	[0.0802]	[0.0750]	[0.0687]	[0.0557]	[0.0598]	[0.0808]	[0.0657]	[0.0581]	[0.0582]	[0.0555]	[0.0522]
N	675	717	681	717	630	630	675	717	681	717	630	630
R-squared	0.6052	0.6887	0.6589	0.6564	0.5710	0.6185	0.5991	0.6778	0.6529	0.6434	0.5664	0.6171

Standard errors are in brackets; *, **, and *** denote significance levels at 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively