. 2021 May 29;28(40):56345–56362. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-14614-x

Table 7.

Energy poverty and TFP: the channel of shadow economy

	Model (3SLS)
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)	(12)
	Dep. var
	TFP	TFP	TFP	TFP	TFP	TFP	TFPc	TFPc	TFPc	TFPc	TFPc	TFPc
Cap	−0.0002***	−0.0002***	−0.0002***	−0.0002***	−0.0002***	−0.0002***	−0.0004***	−0.0004***	−0.0004***	−0.0004***	−0.0004***	−0.0004***
Cap	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0000]	[0.0001]	[0.0001]	[0.0001]	[0.0001]	[0.0001]	[0.0001]
HC	−0.0566***	−0.0500***	−0.0541***	−0.0503***	−0.0281*	−0.0709***	0.1453***	0.1542***	0.1200***	0.1502***	0.1902***	0.1427***
HC	[0.0149]	[0.0150]	[0.0153]	[0.0150]	[0.0146]	[0.0149]	[0.0267]	[0.0273]	[0.0273]	[0.0270]	[0.0258]	[0.0265]
Trade	0.0003**	0.0003**	0.0004**	0.0003**	0.0003*	0.0003**	0.0007***	0.0007**	0.0009***	0.0008***	0.0007***	0.0007***
Trade	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0002]	[0.0003]	[0.0003]	[0.0003]	[0.0003]	[0.0003]	[0.0003]
FDI	−0.0008	−0.0005	−0.0009	−0.0006	−0.0001	−0.0010	−0.0071***	−0.0066***	−0.0082***	−0.0068***	−0.0066***	−0.0073***
FDI	[0.0010]	[0.0010]	[0.0010]	[0.0010]	[0.0010]	[0.0009]	[0.0017]	[0.0017]	[0.0017]	[0.0017]	[0.0017]	[0.0017]
SE	−0.0045***	−0.0041***	−0.0036***	−0.0041***	−0.0012	−0.0058***	−0.0121***	−0.0121***	−0.0101***	−0.0122***	−0.0084***	−0.0123***
SE	[0.0009]	[0.0009]	[0.0008]	[0.0009]	[0.0008]	[0.0009]	[0.0017]	[0.0018]	[0.0015]	[0.0018]	[0.0015]	[0.0016]
Constant	1.2578***	1.2394***	1.2146***	1.2400***	1.1178***	1.3217***	0.9552***	0.9528***	0.9154***	0.9604***	0.7797***	0.9706***
Constant	[0.0433]	[0.0443]	[0.0396]	[0.0443]	[0.0406]	[0.0417]	[0.0787]	[0.0818]	[0.0707]	[0.0815]	[0.0730]	[0.0744]
N	616	614	582	614	616	616	616	614	582	614	616	616
R-squared	−0.0013	0.0211	0.0404	0.0206	0.0880	−0.0990	−0.0285	−0.0302	0.0563	−0.0377	0.1399	−0.0407
	Dep. var
	SE	SE	SE	SE	SE	SE	SE	SE	SE	SE	SE	SE
Income	2.5051***	0.8157	2.5414***	0.8493	1.5882***	2.0643***	−0.0623	−1.8836***	0.7538	−1.8116***	0.3315	0.0371
Income	[0.6513]	[0.6316]	[0.5829]	[0.5677]	[0.4789]	[0.4844]	[0.6202]	[0.5798]	[0.5672]	[0.5238]	[0.4646]	[0.4797]
Inst	−6.3497***	−6.1702***	−8.0047***	−6.0520***	−6.7363***	−5.4092***	−4.6748***	−3.7929***	−6.1422***	−3.4203***	−5.8357***	−4.3667***
Inst	[0.9305]	[0.9765]	[1.0032]	[0.9901]	[0.9699]	[0.9004]	[0.8886]	[0.9098]	[0.9775]	[0.9208]	[0.9348]	[0.8901]
FD	−50.9797***	−57.1596***	−44.7369***	−58.7274***	−66.2255***	−25.3546**	−65.4794***	−77.0035***	−59.6944***	−81.6413***	−70.7156***	−55.0432***
FD	[10.8421]	[11.6054]	[11.8069]	[11.8031]	[11.2450]	[11.0019]	[10.3122]	[10.8092]	[11.4002]	[10.9645]	[10.7954]	[10.8615]
FD^2	62.6210***	68.9307***	58.6037***	71.2118***	78.9676***	31.5702**	86.6217***	99.6392***	80.6710***	106.3784***	89.8499***	73.8923***
FD^2	[15.8190]	[16.5811]	[16.7509]	[16.8814]	[16.3893]	[15.7074]	[14.9967]	[15.3569]	[16.1695]	[15.5932]	[15.6785]	[15.5016]
EP1	0.0504***						0.0173
EP1	[0.0175]						[0.0165]
EP2		−0.0194						−0.0567***
EP2		[0.0193]						[0.0179]
EP3			0.0637***						0.0441***
EP3			[0.0154]						[0.0149]
EP4				−0.0304						−0.0889***
EP4				[0.0248]						[0.0228]
EP5					0.0479***						0.0281***
EP5					[0.0110]						[0.0105]
EP6						−0.1048***						−0.0478***
EP6						[0.0178]						[0.0175]
Constant	22.742***	40.158***	20.617***	40.005***	31.788***	31.147***	45.121***	64.039***	36.817***	63.788***	42.464***	46.570***
Constant	[5.7671]	[5.8599]	[5.4355]	[5.1398]	[3.7713]	[3.5636]	[5.4571]	[5.3543]	[5.2597]	[4.7025]	[3.6473]	[3.5265]
Year effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
N	616	614	582	614	616	616	616	614	582	614	616	616
R-squared	0.2212	0.2128	0.2551	0.2137	0.2360	0.2337	0.1869	0.1721	0.2328	0.1704	0.2184	0.2032