Table 1.
The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among European countries.
| Country | Author, Year | Sample size (M/F) | Age (years) | Prevalence of vit D deficiency∗ (%) | COVID-19 cases/M | COVID-19 mortalities/M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium [20] | Hoge et al., 2015 | 697 (378/319) | 20–69 | 51.1 | 55587.8 | 1677.4 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina [21] | Sokolovic et al., 2016 | 2483 (603/1880) | >18 | 58.7 | 33828.4 | 1234.4 |
| Bulgaria [22] | Borissova et al., 2013 | 2016 (948/1068) | 20–80 | 75.8 | 29109.5 | 1090.3 |
| Croatia [23] | Barić et al., 2016 | 791 (660/131) | 45.5 | 46.1 | 51357.7 | 954.9 |
| Denmark [24] | Hansen et al., 2018 | 2565 (1048/1517) | 18–69 | 51.5 | 28224.0 | 224.1 |
| Finland [25] | Adebayo et al., 2020 | 798 (352/446) | 30–64 | 6.9 | 6516.7 | 101.3 |
| France [26] | Deplanque et al., 2017 | 297 (127/170) | 18–65 | 75.1 | 40145.3 | 992.4 |
| Germany [27] | Rabenberg et al., 2018 | 6995 (3360/3635) | 18–79 | 61.5 | 20833.6 | 408.1 |
| Greece [28] | Dimakopoulos et al., 2019 | 1084 (410/674) | ≥18 | 32.4 | 13321.4 | 464.2 |
| Ireland [29] | Griffin et al., 2020 | 17,590 | ≥18 | 51.5 | 18587.1 | 453.0 |
| Italy [30] | Giuliani et al., 2019 | 74,235 (18,811/55,424) | >18 | 33.3 | 34851.2 | 1226.5 |
| Norway [31] | Petrenya et al., 2020 | 4465 (2041/2424) | 40–69 | 24.7 | 9143.1 | 80.4 |
| Poland [32] | Pludowski et al., 2016 | 5775 (1311/4464) | 16–90 | 65.8 | 34210.9 | 754.5 |
| Portugal [33] | Duarte et al., 2020 | 3092 (1907/1995) | ≥18 | 66.6 | 40569.8 | 677.3 |
| Romania [34] | Niculescu et al., 2017 | 812 | >21 | 56.5 | 32865.8 | 819.6 |
| Russia [35] | Karonova et al., 2016 | 1544 (205/1294) | 18–75 | 45.7 | 21648.7 | 390.7 |
| Slovakia [36] | Sebekova et al., 2016 | 578 (254/324) | 5–81 | 15.0 | 32885.5 | 391.6 |
| Slovenia [37] | Hribar et al., 2020 | 125 | 18–64 | 58.2 | 58779.0 | 1297.3 |
| Spain [38] | González-Molero et al., 2011 | 1262 | 20–83 | 33.9 | 43246.9 | 1087.3 |
| Sweden [39] | Nälsén et al., 2020 | 268 (124/144) | 18–80 | 22.4 | 45029.5 | 971.8 |
| Switzerland [40] | Guessous et al., 2012 | 367 (167/200) | 25–70 | 38.2 | 52260.6 | 883.3 |
| Ukrain [41] | Povoroznyuk et al., 2012 | 1575 | 20–95 | 81.8 | 24124.3 | 423.8 |
| United Kingdom [42] | Jolliffe et al., 2016 | 222 (89/133) | 48–94 | 64.9 | 36661.2 | 1082.9 |
F-Female; M-Male.
∗Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency; Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level <20 ng/ml or <50 nmol/L; cases/M-cases per million population; mortalities/M-mortalities per million population.