Table 2.
The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Asian countries.
| Country | Author, Year | Sample size (M/F) | Age (years) | Prevalence of vit D deficiency∗ (%) | COVID-19 cases/M | COVID-19 mortalities/M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bahrain [43] | Almesri et al., 2020 | 314 (164/150) | >30 | 79.9 | 54464.2 | 206.9 |
| Bangladesh [44] | Acherjya et al., 2019 | 160 (69/91) | ≤70 | 63.7 | 3118.1 | 45.9 |
| Brunei [45] | Leong et al., 2016 | 446 (77/331) | >18 | 52.0 | 358.9 | 6.9 |
| China [46] | Jiang et al., 2020 | 14,302 (3002/11,299) | 18–65 | 50.3 | 60.5 | 3.2 |
| India [47] | Mechenro et al., 2018 | 424 (179/245) | >18 | 55.2 | 7453.8 | 108.0 |
| Iran [48] | Esmaeili et al., 2019 | 7504 (3552/3952) | 18–65 | 65.3 | 14586.3 | 657.5 |
| Iraq [49] | K.A Al-Hilali et al., 2016 | 300 (120/180) | 25–70 | 75.3 | 14800.0 | 318.6 |
| Japan [50] | Asakura et al., 2020 | 107 (53/54) | 20–69 | 28.2 | 1820.9 | 27.0 |
| Jordan [51] | Khasawneh et al., 2018 | 3007 (710/2297) | <83 | 67.9 | 28863.1 | 375.8 |
| Kazakhstan [52] | Gromova et al., 2019 | 1347 (528/819) | >18 | 70.0 | 8240.0 | 121.7 |
| Kuwait [53] | Zhang et al., 2016 | 960 (436/524) | ≥20 | 83.0 | 35260.9 | 218.7 |
| Lebanon [54] | Saad et al., 2020 | (46,099/96,032) | >19 | 35.5 | 26592.1 | 237.1 |
| Malaysia [55] | Shafinaz and Moy et al., 2016 | 858 (77/781) | ≥18 | 67.4 | 3491.6 | 14.6 |
| Mongolia [56] | Bromage et al., 2016 | 320 (160/160) | 20–58 | 35.5 | 370.6 | 0.3 |
| Nepal [57] | Sherchand et al., 2018 | 300 (109/191) | ≥18 | 51.3 | 8943.8 | 63.7 |
| Oman [58] | Abiaka et al., 2013 | 206 (101/105) | 18–55 | 87.5 | 25235.3 | 293.5 |
| Pakistan [59] | Kandhro et al., 2019 | 1255 (519/725) | ≤84 | 36.0 | 2171.7 | 45.7 |
| Qatar [60] | Zainel et al., 2019 | 102,342 (34,946/67,393) | 18–65 | 71.4 | 49924.1 | 85.0 |
| Saudi Arabia [61] | Altowijri et al., 2018 | 350 (150/200) | 20–40 | 74.6 | 10419.4 | 178.8 |
| Singapore [62] | Bi et al., 2016 | 114 (59/55) | 21–100 | 42.1 | 10016.3 | 5.0 |
| Thailand [63] | Rajatanavin et al., 2019 | 120 (56/64) | 25–60 | 19.1 | 98.6 | 0.9 |
| Turkey [64] | Gotkas et al., 2020 | 11,734 (2592/9142) | ≥18 | 70.6 | 26187.8 | 247.6 |
| UAE [65] | Al Zarooni et al., 2019 | 12,346 (4561/7785) | ≥18 | 72.0 | 21012.5 | 67.6 |
| Vietnam [66] | Ho-Pham et al., 2011 | 637 (205/432) | 18–87 | 2.0 | 15.1 | 0.4 |
F-Female; M-Male.
∗Prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency; Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 level <20 ng/ml or <50 nmol/L; cases/M-cases per million population; mortalities/M-mortalities per million population.