Table 1.
Characteristics of the study patients according to BCR.
| Variables | BCR | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <14.4 | ≥14.4, <20.0 | ≥20.0, <27.3 | ≥27.3 | |||
| Total | N = 2484 | N = 619 | N = 563 | N = 677 | N = 625 | |
| Gender, n (%) | 0.016 | |||||
| Male | 1336 (53.8) | 364 (58.8) | 302 (53.6) | 358 (52.9) | 312 (49.9) | |
| Female | 1148 (46.2) | 255 (41.2) | 261 (46.4) | 319 (47.1) | 313 (50.1) | |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| White | 1857 (74.8) | 388 (62.7) | 445 (79.0) | 525 (77.5) | 499 (79.8) | <0.001 |
| Black | 262 (10.5) | 130 (21.0) | 39 (6.93) | 50 (7.39) | 43 (6.88) | |
| Other | 365 (14.7) | 101 (16.3) | 79 (14.0) | 102 (15.1) | 83 (13.3) | |
| Insurance, n (%) | ||||||
| Government | 47 (1.9) | 21 (3.39) | 11 (1.95) | 8 (1.18) | 7 (1.12) | |
| Medicaid | 192 (7.7) | 68 (11.0) | 35 (6.22) | 43 (6.35) | 46 (7.36) | |
| Medicare | 1617 (65.1) | 343 (55.4) | 350 (62.2) | 474 (70.0) | 450 (72.0) | <0.001 |
| Private | 618 (24.9) | 184 (29.7) | 165 (29.3) | 148 (21.9) | 121 (19.4) | |
| Self-pay | 10 (0.4) | 3 (0.48) | 2 (0.36) | 4 (0.59) | 1 (0.16) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||||
| Married | 1774 (71.4) | 400 (64.6) | 405 (71.9) | 515 (76.1) | 454 (72.6) | <0.001 |
| Unmarried | 690 (27.8) | 216 (34.9) | 151 (26.8) | 154 (22.7) | 169 (27.0) | |
| Other | 20 (0.80) | 3 (0.48) | 7 (1.24) | 8 (1.18) | 2 (0.32) | |
| RRT, n (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Yes | 2253 (90.7) | 456 (73.7) | 527 (93.6) | 663 (97.9) | 607 (97.1) | |
| No | 231 (9.3) | 163 (26.3) | 36 (6.39) | 14 (2.07) | 18 (2.88) | |
| Mech. vent, n (%) | 0.108 | |||||
| Yes | 1065 (42.9) | 283 (45.7) | 241 (42.8) | 297 (43.9) | 244 (39.0) | |
| No | 1419 (57.1) | 336 (54.3) | 322 (57.2) | 380 (56.1) | 381 (61.0) | |
| Chronic pulmonary, n (%) | 0.799 | |||||
| Yes | 1889 (76.0) | 472 (76.3) | 434 (77.1) | 506 (74.7) | 477 (76.3) | |
| No | 595 (24.0) | 147 (23.7) | 129 (22.9) | 171 (25.3) | 148 (23.7) | |
| Cardiac arrhythmias, n (%) | 0.961 | |||||
| Yes | 1418 (58.1) | 355 (57.4) | 323 (57.4) | 389 (57.5) | 351 (56.2) | |
| No | 1066 (42.9) | 264 (42.6) | 240 (42.6) | 288 (42.5) | 274 (43.8) | |
| Coagulopathy, n (%) | 0.924 | |||||
| Yes | 1710 (69.8) | 425 (68.7) | 394 (70.0) | 462 (68.2) | 429 (68.6) | |
| No | 774 (31.2) | 194 (31.3) | 169 (30.0) | 215 (31.8) | 196 (31.4) | |
| CHF, n (%) | 0.731 | |||||
| Yes | 1533 (61.7) | 373 (60.3) | 344 (61.1) | 421 (62.2) | 395 (63.2) | |
| No | 951 (38.3) | 246 (39.7) | 219 (38.9) | 256 (37.8) | 230 (36.8) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 0.174 | |||||
| Yes | 1883 (75.8) | 474 (76.6) | 440 (78.2) | 514 (75.9) | 455 (72.8) | |
| No | 601 (24.2) | 145 (23.4) | 123 (21.8) | 163 (24.1) | 170 (27.2) | |
| Fluid electrolyte, n (%) | 0.498 | |||||
| Yes | 1034 (41.6) | 258 (41.7) | 243 (43.2) | 266 (39.3) | 267 (42.7) | |
| No | 1450 (58.4) | 361 (58.3) | 320 (56.8) | 411 (60.7) | 358 (57.3) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 0.526 | |||||
| Yes | 1171 (47.1) | 294 (47.5) | 279 (49.6) | 314 (46.4) | 284 (45.4) | |
| No | 1313 (52.9) | 325 (52.5) | 284 (50.4) | 363 (53.6) | 341 (54.6) | |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 0.628 | |||||
| Yes | 1942 (79.2) | 477 (77.1) | 446 (79.2) | 537 (79.3) | 482 (77.1) | |
| No | 542 (21.8) | 142 (22.9) | 117 (20.8) | 140 (20.7) | 143 (22.9) | |
| Renal failure, n (%) | 0.562 | |||||
| Yes | 1868 (75.2) | 465 (75.1) | 416 (73.9) | 522 (77.1) | 465 (74.4) | |
| No | 616 (24.8) | 154 (24.9) | 147 (26.1) | 155 (22.9) | 160 (25.6) | |
| Age (year) | 67.7 (15.8) | 60.7 (15.7) | 68.2 (15.1) | 70.5 (15.2) | 71.0 (14.9) | <0.001 |
| PT (second) | 18.7 (12.1) | 19.6 (13.2) | 18.6 (10.6) | 18.3 (12.2) | 18.5 (12.3) | 0.184 |
| PTT (second) | 38.0 (21.2) | 40.0 (22.6) | 37.9 (20.6) | 37.2 (21.0) | 36.9 (20.4) | 0.039 |
| INR | 1.88 (2.12) | 2.05 (3.14) | 1.84 (1.39) | 1.81 (1.76) | 1.82 (1.73) | 0.123 |
| RDW | 16.0 (2.43) | 16.1 (2.45) | 15.6 (2.24) | 15.8 (2.37) | 16.6 (2.55) | <0.001 |
| SpO2 (%) | 96.4 (4.18) | 96.1 (4.94) | 96.3 (3.97) | 96.5 (3.48) | 96.6 (4.24) | 0.253 |
| Temperature (°C) | 36.8 (0.83) | 36.9 (0.85) | 36.8 (0.86) | 36.8 (0.80) | 36.7 (0.80) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.5 (8.21) | 29.2 (8.34) | 29.5 (8.45) | 28.2 (8.16) | 27.3 (7.75) | <0.001 |
| WBC (109/L) | 14.0 (10.3) | 13.7 (9.35) | 13.6 (9.85) | 14.2 (11.6) | 14.3 (9.95) | 0.611 |
| SOFA | 7.82 (3.92) | 8.52 (3.98) | 7.77 (3.94) | 7.61 (3.97) | 7.42 (3.70) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 144.5 (52.9) | 141 (51.6) | 145 (57.4) | 147 (54.5) | 145 (47.8) | 0.251 |
| Heart rate (beats/minute) | 92.5 (17.9) | 93.5 (18.2) | 92.3 (18.1) | 92.5 (17.4) | 91.6 (17.9) | 0.315 |
| MBP (mmHg) | 70.98 (9.18) | 71.7 (10.0) | 70.9 (8.54) | 71.0 (8.74) | 70.3 (9.26) | 0.077 |
| Respiratory rate (beats/minute) | 21.4 (4.72) | 21.3 (4.83) | 21.5 (4.35) | 21.7 (4.85) | 21.3 (4.78) | 0.292 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 2.82 (0.68) | 2.90 (0.70) | 2.85 (0.66) | 2.85 (0.66) | 2.69 (0.67) | <0.001 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 1.98 (4.12) | 2.02 (3.81) | 1.73 (3.46) | 1.82 (3.96) | 2.34 (5.02) | 0.048 |
| Bicarbonate (mg/dL) | 22.3 (5.69) | 22.1 (5.61) | 21.4 (5.25) | 21.9 (5.39) | 23.7 (6.22) | <0.001 |
| Calcium (mmol/L) | 8.10 (1.09) | 8.03 (1.16) | 8.03 (1.05) | 8.17 (1.06) | 8.18 (1.10) | 0.010 |
| Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.41 (1.00) | 4.31 (1.06) | 4.37 (0.94) | 4.43 (0.96) | 4.52 (1.02) | 0.002 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 137.57 (6.89) | 137 (5.50) | 137 (6.14) | 137 (6.75) | 139 (8.61) | <0.001 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 33.75 (6.45) | 34.3 (6.39) | 34.3 (6.26) | 33.7 (6.37) | 32.7 (6.65) | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.11 (2.18) | 11.2 (2.23) | 11.3 (2.11) | 11.2 (2.14) | 10.7 (2.22) | <0.001 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 239 (153) | 223 (138) | 246 (146) | 245 (162) | 243 (161) | 0.022 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 3.12 (2.38) | 3.48 (2.97) | 3.29 (2.43) | 3.07 (2.14) | 2.69 (1.79) | <0.001 |
| Anion gap (mmol/L) | 17.32 (5.08) | 18.4 (5.49) | 17.6 (5.09) | 17.3 (4.81) | 16.0 (4.62) | <0.001 |
| Lymphocytes (%) | 10.6 (11.9) | 10.5 (10.6) | 11.0 (12.3) | 10.7 (12.9) | 10.3 (11.7) | 0.780 |
| Neutrophils (%) | 76.9 (18.2) | 76.7 (17.3) | 76.0 (18.0) | 76.9 (19.1) | 77.7 (18.2) | 0.456 |
| Hours of vasopressor | 67.5 (96.2) | 72.1 (103) | 65.3 (100) | 62.5 (90.4) | 70.5 (91.4) | 0.250 |
| ICU LOS (day) | 7.76 (9.71) | 7.61 (9.44) | 7.91 (10.14) | 7.20 (8.49) | 8.40 (10.72) | 0.154 |
| Hospital LOS (day) | 7.75 (9.70) | 7.58 (9.44) | 7.90 (10.14) | 7.18 (8.49) | 8.39 (10.73) | 0.148 |
| 28-day mortality, n (%) | 936 (37.7) | 215 (34.7) | 183 (32.5) | 237 (35.0) | 301 (48.2) | <0.001 |
| 90-day mortality, n (%) | 1757 (70.7) | 424 (68.5) | 389 (69.1) | 465 (68.7) | 479 (76.6) | 0.003 |
| 365-day mortality, n (%) | 1983 (79.8) | 485 (78.4) | 440 (78.2) | 524 (77.4) | 534 (85.4) | 0.001 |
BCR: blood urea nitrogen/creatinine ratio; RRT: renal replacement therapy; CHF: congestive heart failure; PT: prothrombin time; PTT: partial thrombin time; RDW: red blood cell distribution width; INR: international normal ratio; BMI: body mass index; WBC: white blood cell count; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score; MBP: mean blood pressure; ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay.